The Cold War: Democracy vs. Communism Political Differences, Military Conflicts & Economic Competition

Cold War Terms 1. Truman Doctrine 2. Marshall Plan 3. National Security Act 4. NATO 5. NSC-68

The Truman Years Truman Doctrine (Feb. 1947) Truman Doctrine (Feb. 1947) $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey Marshall Plan (June 1947) Marshall Plan (June 1947) $12.5 billion in aid to jump start Europe economy $12.5 billion in aid to jump start Europe economy Money would flow in cycle to benefit American economy – US to Europe then purchase US goods Money would flow in cycle to benefit American economy – US to Europe then purchase US goods National Security Act (July 1947) National Security Act (July 1947) Established Department of Defense, National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Established Department of Defense, National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

The Truman Years NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military alliance of 12 nations formed to deter possible aggression of Soviets against West. Europe Military alliance of 12 nations formed to deter possible aggression of Soviets against West. Europe NSC-68 NSC-68 Called for expanded and aggressive U.S. defense policy; greater military spending Called for expanded and aggressive U.S. defense policy; greater military spending

The Berlin Blockade Cold War’s First Crisis

Home Front Fears Spies, Lies and the Red Scare

Spies?!!! Alger Hiss Alger Hiss Helped establish U.N. for U.S. Helped establish U.N. for U.S. Accused of being spy for Soviets in 1948 – found guilty (10 years) Accused of being spy for Soviets in 1948 – found guilty (10 years) Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Convicted of giving plans of Atomic Bomb to Soviets Convicted of giving plans of Atomic Bomb to Soviets Executed for espionage in 1953 Executed for espionage in months later… 18 months later… Soviets EXPLODE THE ATOMIC BOMB Soviets EXPLODE THE ATOMIC BOMB 5 years before we expected! 5 years before we expected!

Truman Responds… 1/31/50 – Approves H-bomb testing 1/31/50 – Approves H-bomb testing 67x impact of Hiroshima bomb 67x impact of Hiroshima bomb 1952 results, 10x more than expected 1952 results, 10x more than expected Soviets explode their version 6 months after us… Soviets explode their version 6 months after us… No one has nuclear weapon advantage No one has nuclear weapon advantage

The Eisenhower Years Cold War Continues

“We Like Ike” “Liberal on human issues, conservative on economic issues” “Liberal on human issues, conservative on economic issues” No government intrusion on ‘private’ matters No government intrusion on ‘private’ matters Important bills passed: Important bills passed: Social Security Act (1954) Social Security Act (1954) Highway Act (1956) Highway Act (1956) Raised defense budget from $13 to $40 billion Raised defense budget from $13 to $40 billion One of his final actions: sent 3,500 troops to bolster noncommunist southern portion of Vietnam One of his final actions: sent 3,500 troops to bolster noncommunist southern portion of Vietnam

Cautious times… 1955 – W. Germany joins NATO 1955 – W. Germany joins NATO Soviets feel threatened Soviets feel threatened Form Warsaw pact (satellite nations now a military alliance) Form Warsaw pact (satellite nations now a military alliance) Geneva Summit Geneva Summit Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev “Open skies proposal” - Eisenhower “Open skies proposal” - Eisenhower Flights to monitor each other’s territory to reduce possibility of surprise nuclear attacks Flights to monitor each other’s territory to reduce possibility of surprise nuclear attacks REJECTED BY SOVIETS!!! REJECTED BY SOVIETS!!!

U-2 Incident CIA still advises sending U-2 planes secretly to take pictures CIA still advises sending U-2 planes secretly to take pictures 1960 – Eisenhower wants it stopped…upcoming peace summit in Paris 1960 – Eisenhower wants it stopped…upcoming peace summit in Paris U-2 shot down!!! U-2 shot down!!! How? How? Americans: Cover story…weather flight plane lost Americans: Cover story…weather flight plane lost Soviets: shot down by missile and pilot Gary Powers was captured Soviets: shot down by missile and pilot Gary Powers was captured Powers was convicted of espionage and served almost 2 years in Soviet prison Powers was convicted of espionage and served almost 2 years in Soviet prison