Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example Assume depreciable asset is a car with: o 4 year useful life o Original cost of $22,000 o Salvage Value of $7,000 First, compute.

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Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example Assume depreciable asset is a car with: o 4 year useful life o Original cost of $22,000 o Salvage Value of $7,000 First, compute Depreciable Base = Cost – Salvage Value = $22,000 - $7,000 = $15,000 Then, depreciate base x Sum of Years’ Digits Multiplier

Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example YearDepreciable Base = Cost - SV Remaining Life (Years) Depreciation Fraction Depr. Expense Sum of Year’s Digits

Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example YearDepreciable Base = Cost - SV Remaining Life (Years) Depreciation Fraction Depr. Expense 144/10 233/10 322/10 411/ /10 Depr. Fraction = Remaining Life/Sum of Years’ Digits This was corrected on July 16, 2002.

Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example YearDepreciable Base = Cost - SV Remaining Life (Years) Depreciation Fraction Depr. Expense 115,00044/106, /10 322/10 411/ /10 This was corrected on July 16, 2002.

Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example YearDepreciable Base = Cost - SV Remaining Life (Years) Depreciation Fraction Depr. Expense 115,00044/106, ,00033/104, /10 411/ /10 This was corrected on July 16, 2002.

Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example YearDepreciable Base = Cost - SV Remaining Life (Years) Depreciation Fraction Depr. Expense 115,00044/106, ,00033/104, ,00022/103, / /10 This was corrected on July 16, 2002.

Sum-of-Years’-Digits Example YearDepreciable Base = Cost - SV Remaining Life (Years) Depreciation Fraction Depr. Expense 115,00044/106, ,00033/104, ,00022/103, ,00011/101, /10 This was corrected on July 16, 2002.

Double Declining Balance Example Assume depreciable asset is a car with: o 4 year useful life o Original cost of $22,000 o Salvage Value of $7,000

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 125% Double Declining Balance Example Straight Line %age = 100%/Useful Life

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 125%50% 225%50% 325%50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 122,00025%50%11, %50% 325%50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example Start with cost (not cost – salvage value)

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 122,00025%50%11, %50% 325%50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 122,00025%50%11, %50%5, %50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 122,00025%50%11, %50%5, %50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example Too much depreciation—below salvage value!

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 122,00025%50%11, %50%5, %50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example Throw out these final year computed values.

Make this enough to arrive exactly at ending salvage value. YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 122,00025%50%11, %50%4,0007, %50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example

Note that depreciation is complete after two years even though asset has four year useful life. YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 122,00025%50%11, %50%4,0007, %50% 425%50% Double Declining Balance Example

Partial Period Depreciation Note that the prior examples assumed that the assets were put in use on January 1 st of the year they were bought for use. Therefore, we took a full first year of depreciation expense. In reality, assets are usually put into use at all times throughout the year. So, we need to prorate the first year’s depreciation expense and adjust the following years’ depreciation expense accordingly.

Partial Period Depreciation This is easy to do with straight-line: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. Normal annual depreciation = $16,000 / 4 = $4,000 per year Year 1 use = 6 months/12 months = ½ year

Partial Period Depreciation This is easy to do with straight-line: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. Normal annual depreciation = $16,000 / 4 = $4,000 per year YearUsageNormal Depr.Annual Depr 11/

Partial Period Depreciation This is easy to do with straight-line: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. Normal annual depreciation = $16,000 / 4 = $4,000 per year YearUsageNormal Depr.Annual Depr 11/24,

Partial Period Depreciation This is easy to do with straight-line: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. Normal annual depreciation = $16,000 / 4 = $4,000 per year YearUsageNormal Depr.Annual Depr 11/24,0002,

Partial Period Depreciation This is easy to do with straight-line: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. Normal annual depreciation = $16,000 / 4 = $4,000 per year YearUsageNormal Depr.Annual Depr 11/24,0002, ,

Partial Period Depreciation This is easy to do with straight-line: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. Normal annual depreciation = $16,000 / 4 = $4,000 per year YearUsageNormal Depr.Annual Depr 11/24,0002, ,

Partial Period Depreciation This is easy to do with straight-line: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. Normal annual depreciation = $16,000 / 4 = $4,000 per year YearUsageNormal Depr.Annual Depr 11/24,0002, , /24,0002,000

Partial Period Depreciation This is harder to do with accelerated (Sum-of-Year’s Digits or Double-Declining Balance): The idea for prorating in a partial period asset placement is the same regardless of the method used for accelerated depreciation.

Example: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. He uses double-declining balance method. Partial Period Depreciation This is harder to do with accelerated (Sum-of-Year’s Digits or Double-Declining Balance): First, compute normal annual depreciation as if the asset were used the entire year.

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 120,00025%50%10, %50% 325%50% 425%50% Partial Period Depreciation Example: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. He uses double-declining balance method.

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 120,00025%50%10, %50%5, %50% 425%50% Partial Period Depreciation Example: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. He uses double-declining balance method.

YearBook Value, Beg. of Year Straight- Line %age Double SL %age Depr. Expense Book Value, End of Year 120,00025%50%10, %50%5, %50%1,0004, %50%0--- Partial Period Depreciation Example: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. He uses double-declining balance method.

Partial Period Depreciation Example: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. He uses double-declining balance method. Since the car was place in service for only ½ the first year, we need to prorate and adjust the depreciation schedule. We effectively do this by taking ½ the first year’s depreciation, and then rolling the rest of the depreciation schedule forward.

Partial Period Depreciation Example: JoePa bought a car for $20,000, 4 yr. life, $4,000 salvage value. He started driving the car on July 1. He uses double-declining balance method. YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense ½ Use First Year Schedule

Partial Period Depreciation First, take ½ of the first year’s normal depreciation. YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15, ½ Use First Year Schedule x 1/2

Partial Period Depreciation First, take ½ of the first year’s normal depreciation. Then roll forward the second ½ of the first year’s normal depreciation. YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15, ½ Use First Year Schedule x 1/2

Partial Period Depreciation Then add ½ of the second year’s normal depreciation to the roll forward amount. YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15, , , ½ Use First Year Schedule x 1/2

Partial Period Depreciation Then add ½ of the second year’s normal depreciation to the roll forward amount. YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15,000 27, ½ Use First Year Schedule

Partial Period Depreciation Then roll forward ½ of the second year’s normal depreciation to the third year schedule. YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15,000 27,500 32,500 4 ½ Use First Year Schedule x 1/2

Partial Period Depreciation YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15,000 27, , ½ Use First Year Schedule x 1/2 Then add ½ of the third year’s normal depreciation to the roll forward amount.

Partial Period Depreciation YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15,000 27,500 33,000 4 ½ Use First Year Schedule Then add ½ of the third year’s normal depreciation to the roll forward amount.

Partial Period Depreciation YearDepr. Expense 110,000 25,000 31, Normal Schedule YearDepr. Expense 15,000 27,500 33, ½ Use First Year Schedule Finally, roll forward ½ of the third year’s normal depreciation to the fourth year schedule. x 1/2

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 $5,000

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 $5,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 $5,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000 $2,500

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000 $2,500

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000 $2,500 $7,500

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000 $500 $2,500$7,500

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000$2,500$7,500 $500

Partial Period Depreciation Another way to look at it conceptually is with a timeline. Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $10,000$5,000$1,000 Yr 1Yr 2Yr 3Yr 4 $5,000$7,500$500$3,000

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Assume Company A has equipment: o Original cost of $120,000 o Accumulated depreciation of $20,000 o Market value of $97,000 o Market interest rate of 8% o Expected cash flows: $24,000 for four years (paid at end of yr.)

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Recoverability Test (do we need to record an impairment?) 1.Book value = $120,000 – 20,000 = $100,000 Orig. Cost Accum. Depr.

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Recoverability Test (do we need to record an impairment?) 1.Book value = $120,000 – 20,000 = $100,000 2.Net future cash flows = $24,000 x 4 = $96,000 Not discounted for interest rate

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Recoverability Test (do we need to record an impairment?) 1.Book value = $120,000 – 20,000 = $100,000 2.Net future cash flows = $24,000 x 4 = $96,000 3.NFCF < BV, so we need to record an impairment

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Recoverability Test (do we need to record an impairment?) 1.Book value = $120,000 – 20,000 = $100,000 2.Net future cash flows = $24,000 x 4 = $96,000 3.NFCF < BV, so we need to record an impairment Amount of Impairment Loss 1.Market value is determinable, so use BV – FMV: $100,000 - $97,000 = $3,000

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Recoverability Test (do we need to record an impairment?) 1.Book value = $120,000 – 20,000 = $100,000 2.Net future cash flows = $24,000 x 4 = $96,000 3.NFCF < BV, so we need to record an impairment Amount of Impairment Loss 1.Market value is determinable, so use BV – FMV: $100,000 - $97,000 = $3,000 3/31Loss on Impairment3,000 Accum. Depr, Equipment 3,000 Note: Record impairment to equipment

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Recoverability Test (do we need to record an impairment?) 1.Book value = $120,000 – 20,000 = $100,000 2.Net future cash flows = $24,000 x 4 = $96,000 3.NFCF < BV, so we need to record an impairment Amount of Impairment Loss 1.Market value is determinable, so use BV – FMV: $100,000 - $97,000 = $3,000 2.If FMV is undeterminable, use BV – Discounted CF

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000 Each year’s discount rate = 1 (1 + int rate) year

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000 Each year’s discount rate = 1 (1 + int rate) year 1 (1.08) 1 x 1 (1.08) 2 x 1 (1.08) 4 x 1 (1.08) 3 x

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000 1 (1.08) 1 x 0.926x 0.857x 0.794x 0.735

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000 x 0.926x 0.857x 0.794x = 22,224= 20,568= 19,056= 17,640

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000 x 0.926x 0.857x 0.794x = 22,224= 20,568= 19,056= 17,640 Net Discounted Cash Flows = 22, , , ,640 = $79,488

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000 x 0.926x 0.857x 0.794x = 22,224= 20,568= 19,056= 17,640 Net Discounted Cash Flows = 22, , , ,640 = $79,488 Note: We can arrive at the same answer by using the Annuity formula:

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Present Value of $1 Annuity 7%8%9% 1 year years years years years

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Present Value of $1 Annuity 7%8%9% 1 year years years years years

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Discounted Cash Flows 1/1/0112/31/0112/31/0212/31/0312/31/04 $24,000 x 0.926x 0.857x 0.794x = 22,224= 20,568= 19,056= 17,640 Net Discounted Cash Flows = 22, , , ,640 = $79,488 Note: We can arrive at the same answer by using the Annuity formula: $24,000 x = $79,488

Fixed Asset Impairment Example Recoverability Test (do we need to record an impairment?) 1.Book value = $120,000 – 20,000 = $100,000 2.Net future cash flows = $24,000 x 4 = $96,000 3.NFCF < BV, so we need to record an impairment Amount of Impairment Loss 1.Market value is determinable, so use BV – FMV: $100,000 - $97,000 = $3,000 2.If FMV is undeterminable, use BV – Discounted CF: $100,000 – 79,488 = $20,512