Modern Art and Architecture, 1850-1914 From Realism to Dada

Key Questions, 2/19 Analyze the trends in art in the period, 1850-1914, and the extent to which they challenged traditional ideas of aesthetics. How do the artistic and cultural trends illustrate the “mood” prior to WWI?

REALISM Response to Romanticism Dominant style circa 1850-1875 Focus on life as it is really lived—”warts and all” Connection to problems of industry, urbanization, mass politics Connection to literature, science, medicine Gross Clinic by Eakins

The Sower by Millet

REALISM: THE WORKING CLASS Jean-Francois Millet (1815-74) Honore Daumier (1808-79) Gustave Courbet (1819-77) Third Class Carriage by Daumier

The Stonebreakers by Courbet

The Gleaners by Millet

PHOTOGRAPHER – CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS Photography developed in the middle of 19th c. Changed task of painter from chronicler and representation to imagination, abstraction Photojournalism to highlight social problems Jacob Riis—Dutch-American Riis – Tenement home

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Rebel Sharpshooter by Alexander Gardner

Rodin – Man with Broken Nose SCULPTURE Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) Most famous for “The Thinker” Sought to imitate impressionists with effect of light and shade Rodin – Man with Broken Nose

Rodin’s – The Thinker

TRANSITION Eduard Manet and James Whistler Move toward abstraction Ruskin case and role of critics Challenge to traditional aesthetic motifs Move away from shadowing Manet’s The Fifer

Nocturne in Gold and Blue: Falling Rocket by Whistler

IMPRESSIONISM Influence of photography Interest in light, shadow Cassatt’s Mother and Child Influence of photography Interest in light, shadow Focus on everyday life—street scenes, still lives, parks, etc. Interest in how objects change in light over time Exhibited their works together

CLAUDE MONET (1840-1926) Named the movement Focus on subtle nuances of color and light Famous for haystacks, water lilies, Notre Dame Cathedral

Monet’s Haystack

Monet’s Water Lilies

Monet’s Water Lilies

Monet’s Boaters

OTHER IMPRESSIONISTS Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) Edgar Degas (1834-1917) Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)—American

Renoir’s The Boater’s Party

Toulouse-Lautrec’s At the Moulin Rouge POST-IMPRESSIONISM More interested in form and structure than Impressionists Focus on broad fields of color Beginnings of movement away from clear and distinct representation Van Gogh, Seurat (1859-91) Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) Pointillism—related Toulouse-Lautrec’s At the Moulin Rouge

Saturday Afternoon by Seurat

VINCENT VAN GOGH (1853-90) Began in realist style Sold only 1 painting in his lifetime Famous for swirling, passionate brushstrokes Used yellow (ran out), influenced by Japanese art Difficulty with others Suicide (archetype of “tortured artist”) Billiards by Van Gogh

Sunflowers by Van Gogh

Self-Portrait by Van Gogh

Starry Night by Van Gogh

EXPRESSIONISM More interested in breaking bonds of previous traditions Abstraction and subjective experiences 1905 Fauvist Exhibit Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), Paul Gauguin (1848-1903), James Ensor (1860-1949), Edvard Munch 1863-1944) The Scream by Munch

Woman with the Green Stripe by Matisse

USE OF COLOR

SUBJECTIVITY AND ABSTRACTION

CUBISM Influence of relativity theory Looking at objects from multiple perspectives Sense of time as not absolute Founders: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Georges Braque (1882-1963) Braque

Braque Untitled

Braque Untitled

PICASSO (ONE OF TWO PAINTERS THE 100)

Picasso’s Blue Dove

Picasso’s Poet

Picasso Self-Portrait

Picasso’s Loki

FUTURISM Interest in science and technology Critical of traditional artistic motifs—religious scenes, nudes, history, etc. Issued manifestoes that called for change, by destruction if necessary Died out after World War I Umberto Boccioni

Dynamism of a Cyclist by Boccioni

DADAISM Anti-art movement on eve of WWI Name refers to meaningless childish babble Questions traditional bases of art Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) founder Duchamp

Sullivan’s Carson Pierre Scott Building MODERN ARCHITECTURE “Form follows function” Focus less on ornamentation, more on building reflecting its use “A box with windows” New building materials—steel and reinforced concrete Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) and Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959)—Prairie Style Sullivan’s Carson Pierre Scott Building

Sullivan’s Wainwright Building

Frank Lloyd Wright – Oak Park, Illinois

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Roby House Hyde Park, Chicago