The Key to Critical Thinking. EthosPathos Logos.

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Presentation transcript:

The Key to Critical Thinking

EthosPathos Logos

EthosPathos Logos

Argument  All arguments involve persuasion  But all persuasive acts do not involve arguments Persuasive Acts

 A good argument makes a claim that is backed up with logic and reasons.  Claim  Evidence/Data  Warrant

 A good argument makes a claim that is backed up with logic and reasons.  Claim  Evidence  Warrant We shouldn’t rob the Union Pacific Flyer

 A good argument makes a claim that is backed up with logic and reasons.  Claim  Evidence  Warrant We shouldn’t rob the Union Pacific Flyer Because we’ll rob it on the return trip

 A good argument makes a claim that is backed up with logic and reasons.  Claim  Reason  Warrant We shouldn’t rob the Union Pacific Flyer. Because we’ll rob it on the return trip when there will be more money. What is the underlying assumption?

 A good argument makes a claim that is backed up with logic and reasons.  Claim  Evidence  Warrant We shouldn’t rob the Union Pacific Flyer Because we’ll rob it on the return trip when there will be more money. We want to get the most money possible.

\  Claim  Reason  Warrant We should rob the Union Pacific Flyer on this trip and on the return.

 Claim  Reason  Warrant We should rob the Union Pacific Flyer on this trip and on the return Because if we rob it now, they’ll think we won’t rob it on the return trip and will load it up with money.

 Claim  Reason  Warrant We should rob the Union Pacific Flyer on this trip and on the return Because if we rob it now, they’ll think we won’t rob it on the return trip and will load it up with money. We want to get the most money possible.

 Claim: A statement that something is so. Claim ▪ An arguable statement. Rhetoricians commonly identify three general types of claims: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy.arguable  Data: The backing for the claim. Data  Warrant: The connection between the claim and the evidence. Warrant  Backing: Support for the warrant. Backing  Modality: The degree of certainty employed in offering the argument.  Rebuttal: Exceptions to the initial claim.

 “The United States should establish a system of national health insurance.”

 “Uninsured Americans are going without needed medical care because they are unable to afford it. Because access to health care is a basic human right, the United States should establish a system of national health insurance.”

 Clarifying the issues  Exposing the complexities of the issue  Uncovering assumptions  Revealing flaws of logic and evidence Ramage and Bean, 2000

Barton Springs 1996Barton Springs 2004

Gary Bradley, developer Robert Redford, environmentalist Curtis Petersen, farmer Marshall Kuykendahl, property rights advocate Ann Richards, former governor Judah Folkman, cancer researcher

EthosPathos Logos