Essentials of Exercise Physiology

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
RESPIRATION.
Advertisements

Respiratory System Physiology
Functions of the Respiratory system
Pulmonary Structure and Function
Lung Structure and Function AQA Biology and Disease.
Respiratory system IB SEHS 2.1.
The Respiratory System Structure Function Effects of Acute & Long Term Exercise.
Pulmonary Ventilation
Unit Seven: Respiration
Mechanics of Breathing
Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System
Mechanics of Ventilation Prof. K. Sivapalan. Introduction 20132Mechanics of Ventilation.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Ch 16 Notes. IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Cellular Respiration:
Structure and Function
The Respiratory system Pulmonary ventilation – Chp 16 Respiration.
Function of the Lungs Primary - to provide a means of gas exchange between environment and body Secondary - maintenance of acid-base balance and as a resevoir.
Gas Exchange in Mammals Aim – to understand the structure and function of the lungs. Objectives- by the end of this lesson you should be able to Name and.
Respiratory system. Mechanism of lung ventilation.
Lung Function Learning Objectives
Respiration Lab.
The mechanics of breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Respiratory System Chapter 16 Bio 160.
The Respiratory System II Physiology. The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide.
Review Lung Volumes Tidal Volume (V t )  volume moved during either an inspiratory or expiratory phase of each breath (L)
Respiratory Physiology Part I
1 Respiratory System. 2 Outline The Respiratory Tract – The Nose – The Pharynx – The Larynx – The Bronchial Tree – The Lungs Gas Exchange Mechanisms of.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL. CELLULAR METABOLISM ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS AEROBIC OXIDATIVE METABOLISM IN THE MITOCHONDRIA.
Physics of Respiration Boyle’s Law - the universal law of gases PV = nRT P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2.
Human Anatomy and Physiology Physiology of air breathing The lungs.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint.
1 Respiratory system L1 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD University of Jordan.
- video.
Respiratory Physiology
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 5 Functions of the Respiratory System 1.Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood 2.Moves.
Biomechanics of breathing. Lungs ventilation
Mechanics of Breathing. Events of Respiration  Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs  External respiration – gas exchange between.
Ventilation - moves air to and from alveoli. Functions of Respiratory System Surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood. Helps regulate.
Exercise 40 Respiratory Physiology 1. Processes of respiration Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal respiration.
Mechanics of Breathing Overview 1. Inspiration 2. Expiration 3. Respiratory Volumes.
12 November 2008 Respiratory Physiology Mostly white board diagrams in class today covering: 5L blood over tennis court = huge surface area for gas exchange.
ECAP BIOL The Respiratory System Mrs. Riel.
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY. The Thorax and its contents.
Key Questions for Understanding Respiratory Physiology.
The Respiratory System Components The Nasal passages The tubes of respiration The Trachea The Bronchi and Bronchioles The Alveoli The Lungs.
 Be sure to check the absent folder if you have been absent!  Last day to Make up Blood/Cardiovascular System Exam will be Wednesday. After that it will.
F211: Exchange & transport Exchange surfaces & breathing (pulmonary system & ventilation) By Mr. Wilson.
TURN IN RESP. WORKSHEET IN BLUE BASKET. GET A BOOK. Monday, February 29, 2016.
Respiratory Physiology
How the Lungs Work.
Pulmonary Ventilation
RESPIRATORY MECHANISM
The Respiratory System
Starter Quick Quiz!! What 2 ways does air enter the body?
Respiratory System.
The Respiratory System
Lung Function Learning Objectives
Ventilatory System - Structure of ventilatory system - Functions of airways - Pulmonary ventilation mechanics - Alveoli exchange - Hemoglobin in oxygen.
Lung Function Learning Objectives
The Respiratory System
Comparative Vertebrate Physiology
Respiratory Physiology I
The Respiratory System: PART 2
Respiratory Physiology
Figure The Respiratory Muscles
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System
Respiratory Physiology
Challenge Problem Gas exchange occurs in the _________
The Respiratory System
PHED 1 Applied Physiology Lung Function
Presentation transcript:

Essentials of Exercise Physiology Pulmonary System Essentials of Exercise Physiology

Respiration External respiration: ventilation and exchange of gasses in the lungs (pulmonary function). Internal respiration: ventilation and exchange of gasses in the tissues (pulmonary function).

Functions of Respiratory System Primary purpose of respiratory system is: Provide means of oxygen exchange between external environment and body Provide a means of carbon dioxide exchange between the body and the external environment Exchange occurs as result: Ventilation: mechanical Diffusion: random movement

Functions of Respiratory System Respiratory system also helps regulate acid-base balance in body, especially during exercise. Cl- + H+ + NaHCO3  NaCl + H2CO3  CO2 + H2O

Acid - Base Balance Acids - molecules which can liberate hydrogen ions Bases - molecules which can accept hydrogen ions Buffer - resists changes in pH by either accepting hydrogen ions or liberating them depending upon local conditions

Structure Pulmonary System Right and left lungs enclosed by membranes called pleura Visceral pleura adheres to outer surface of lungs Parietal pleura adheres to thoracic wall and diaphragm

Intrapleural Space Contains fluid which lubricates pleura Creates a low pressure area pressure is below atmospheric during inspiration, allowing the lungs to inflate

Functional Zones of Air Passages Conducting zone passageways leading to respiratory zone area where no gas exchange occurs nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles Respiratory zone where gas exchange actually occurs alveoli

Roles of Conducting Zone Warms air Mucus traps small particles Cilia sweep particles upwards Macrophages engulf foreign particles

Roles of Respiratory Zone Provides large surface area for gas exchange 600 million alveoli Total surface area is 60 – 80 square meters or about size of half a tennis court Provides a very thin barrier for gas exchange 2 cell layers thick

Alveoli Type II alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant form a monomolecular layer over alveolar surfaces surfactant stabilizes alveolar volume by reducing surface tension created by moisture

Mechanics of Ventilation Change in thoracic cavity volume produces corresponding change in lung volume Increase in lung volume results in decrease in lung pressure (Boyle’s law) Differences in pressure pulls air into the lungs pressure within the lungs becomes less than the atmospheric pressure bulk flow (from high pressure to low pressure)

Muscles of Inspiration Diaphragm contracts, flattens, & moves downward up to 10 cm enlarges & elongates chest cavity, expands volume during quiet breathing diaphragm works alone External intercostals, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid & scaleni lift ribs up and outwards during exercise, accessory muscles called into play

Muscles of Inspiration

Muscles of Expiration Expiration during quiet breathing is passive due to elastic recoil of chest cavity Decrease in lung volume forces air out of lungs During exercise and voluntary hyperventilation, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus: push diaphragm up internal intercostals: pull ribs downwards

Total Lung Capacity Tidal volume (VT) Inspiratory reserve volume amount either inspired or expired during normal ventilation Inspiratory reserve volume maximal volume inspired after a normal inspiration Expiratory reserve volume volume expired after a normal expiration During exercise VT increases largely from IRV. Residual volume volume remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

Lung Capacities Total lung capacity Inspiratory capacity volume within lung after a maximal inspiration Inspiratory capacity maximal volume inspired from the end of tidal expiration Functional residual capacity volume in lungs after normal expiration Vital capacity maximal volume expired after maximal inspiration

Dynamic Lung Volumes Depend on volume and speed of air movement; more useful in diagnosing lung disease. FEV: Forced Expiratory Volume. Volume that can be forcefully expired after maximal inspiration within given time, usually 1 sec. MVV: Maximal Voluntary Ventilation. Volume of air that can be ventilated by maximal effort in one minute. Breathe maximally for 12 (or 15) seconds and total volume recorded, multiplied by five (or 4).

Minute Ventilation Volume of gas ventilated in one minute equal to tidal volume times frequency Rest in 70 kg man, 6.0 L/min = 0.5 L x 12 Maximal exercise, 120-175 L/m = 3-3.5 x 40-50 increases as oxygen consumption increases closely associated with CO2 production Incorrect TV for normal breathing. 5000 ml is 500 ml. ERROR

Anatomical vs Physiological Dead Space Anatomical dead space areas of conducting zone not designed for diffusion of gases VT = VA + VD At rest, VT = 500 ml = 350 ml + 150 ml Physiological dead space areas of lung and pulmonary capillary bed which are unable to perform gas exchange as designed

Anatomic Dead Space

Physiologic Dead Space Optimal diffusion requires matching of ventilation to perfusion: 1 ventilated alveoli/ 1 blood perfused alveoli Ventilation (V) / perfusion (Q) is not equal across the lung Top of lung is poorly perfused V / Q = 3.3 at top of lung Bottom of lung has more perfusion than ventilation V / Q = .63 at bottom of lung V / Q values above .5 are generally adequate

Minute Ventilation in Exercise Adjustments in breathing rate and depth maintain alveolar ventilation as exercise. Trained athletes maintain alveolar ventilation by increasing VT and minimal increase rate. Deeper breathing causes a greater percentage of incoming “fresh” VT to enter alveoli. Increasing VT in exercise results from encroaching primarily on IRV or ERV? VT plateaus at about 60% vital capacity.

Disruptions in Normal Breathing Dyspnea shortness of breath or subjective distress in breathing. Hyperventilation ≠ Hyperpnea Valsalva maneuver: forced exhalation against closed glottis. What happens to blood pressure?

Gas Exchange Fick’s Law Diffusion occurs at a rate which is proportional to differences in partial pressure and the surface area available and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane. Diffusion rate = (P1 - P2) area thickness