Language of Anatomy

What is this fin called?

Language of Anatomy Why is the back of your hand called the dorsal surface?

Language of Anatomy To understand anatomy, common terms must be used.

Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person:  STANDING STRAIGHT

Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person:  STANDING STRAIGHT  FACING FOREWARD

Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person:  STANDING STRAIGHT  FACING FOREWARD  PALMS OUT OR FACING FORWARD

Anatomical Position

This defines a persons:  Front and back also known as  Ventral and dorsal  Anterior and posterior

Anatomical Position This defines a persons:  Left versus Right

Anatomical Position This defines a persons:  Top and Bottom also known as  superior (cranial) and inferior  cephalad and caudad

Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline

Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline

Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline Intermediate-between

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)

Directional Terms Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body

Directional Terms Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body Distal- further from the trunk of the body

Directional Terms Superficial-Towards the surface

Directional Terms Superficial-Towards the surface Deep- towards the center of the body

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)

Body Planes &Sections Most anatomical studies, especially those involved with radiographic studies, MRI’s and CAT scans, use specific planes to study an area of the body.

Body Planes &Sections Sagittal plane-is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Median (midsagittal) plane Vertebral column Rectum Intestines (c) Median section (midsagittal)

Body Planes &Sections Frontal planes-are vertical cuts that divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal plane Left and right lungs LiverHeart Stomach Spleen Arm (a) Frontal section (through torso)

Body Planes &Sections Transverse Planes- cut the body into inferior and superior sections

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Transverse plane Liver Spleen PancreasAorta Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)

Body Planes &Sections Oblique Planes- are diagonal cuts between the horizontal and vertical planes.

Body Cavities The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the:  Dorsal body cavity

Body Cavities The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the:  Dorsal body cavity and  Ventral body cavity

Body Cavities The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions: The cranial cavity which encases the brain

Body Cavities The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions: The cranial cavity which encases the brain The vertebral or spinal cavity which encloses the spinal column

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Body Cavities The ventral body cavity is more anterior and is the largest cavity, it contains the internal organs known as the VISCERA.

Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions: The thoracic cavity

Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions: The thoracic cavity and the Abdominopelvic cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Membranes of the Body Cavities The walls of the ventral body cavities and outer surfaces of the organs are covered by a thin, double layered membrane called the Serosa.

Membranes of the Body Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:  Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls

Membranes of the Body Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:  Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls  Visceral serosa covers the organs

Membranes of the Body Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:  Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls  Visceral serosa covers the organs

Membranes of the Body Cavities Together they form a potential space which has a small amount of lubricating fluid called Serous fluid.

Language of Anatomy

Peritonitis Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma.

Peritonitis Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma. Leads to the organs adhering to each other, restricting movement. VERY PAINFUL

Pericarditis Inflammation of the serous membrane around the heart.

Anatomical Regions and Quadrants The Abdominopelvic Region is large and has many organ systems. It is divided up into smaller quadrants for study.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Appendix Cecum Diaphragm Stomach Descending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs