Unit 1 – Organization of the Human Body Human A&P

I. Anatomy and Physiology Body structures and the relationship between structures Anatomy is defined as_______________________ _________________________________________ ie. What the parts___________!) B. Physiology is defined as ______________________ (ie. How the parts__________!) ARE Body Functions WORK

It is hard and does not move. It surrounds the brain. ANATOMY C. Structure (_______________) and Function (_____________) are closely tied together. 1. Structure _____________function Ex. What is the function of the skull? Explain the structure of the skull? PHYSIOLOGY DICTATES To protect the brain. It is hard and does not move. It surrounds the brain.

II. Types of Anatomy Structure viewed with the naked eye. Gross Anatomy - ____________________________ ___________________________________________ Structure viewed with the naked eye. Ex. sheep heart

B. Microanatomy - ________________________________ ______________________________________________ Structure viewed under magnification Ex – bone tissue

C. Regional Anatomy - ____________________________ _____________________________________________ all structures for a given area (both gross and microanatomy) Ex. Head and neck

D. Systemic Anatomy - ____________________________ ______________________________________________ all of the structures for a given organ system (includes gross anatomy and microanatomy) Ex. – Respiratory System

III. Levels of Body Organization Chemical 1. ___________________ - especially C, H, O, N 2. ___________________-water, carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP) Atoms Compounds

Nerve cells are long and thin to carry info B. _______________________ 1. ______________- the basic unit of structure and function of living things a. Cells contain _________________ that perform certain functions b. Cells differ in their _____________ and _________________. CELLULAR Cells organelles structure function Ex. Nerve cells are long and thin to carry info

TISSUE C. _______________________ 1. Tissue -____________________________________ ___________________ (there are four types – epithelial, connective, muscular, & nervous……which we will study in detail in a later unit) A group of cells that work together to perform a certain task

ORGANS D. _____________________ 1. Organs - ___________________________________ __________________________________________ Have 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform a certain function Ex – the stomach has epithelial tissue inside and outside and muscle tissue between them. It also has nervous tissue and blood (which is connective tissue.) They all work together to help you digest your BIG MAC!

E. _____________________ ORGAN SYSTEMS E. _____________________ 1. Organ Systems - ____________________________ __________________________________________ 2. The Major organ systems of the human body are: 1. __________________ 7.___________________ 2. __________________ 8.___________________ 3. __________________ 9.___________________ 4.__________________ 10. __________________ 5. __________________ 11.__________________ 6. __________________ A group of organs that work together to perform the same function Integumentary Lymphatic Skeletal Digestive Nervous Urinary Reproductive Muscular Respiratory Endocrine Cardiovascular

a. Organ systems work with each other to ___________ the organism. maintain Ex – digestive system

ORGANISMAL F. _____________________ 1. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________ All of the organ systems combine to form the organism (such as a human)

IV. 6 Life Processes in Humans Metabolism - ______________________________ __________________________________________ 1. Types of metabolism a. Anabolism - __________________________ _____________________________________ b. Catabolism - ___________________________ ______________________________________ The sum of all chemical reactions in the body when simple molecules join to make larger molecules  requires energy (ATP) Ex – monosaccharides join to make glucose when large molecules break into into simpler ones  releases energy (ATP) Ex – breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O

B. _________________________ - the ability of the body to react to a changing internal and external environment C. _______________________ - Including that of the entire body, body parts, cells and organelles within the cells. D. ________________________ - an increase in body size due to increasing the number of cells, the size of cells, or the amount of material around the cells. RESPONSIVENESS MOVEMENT GROWTH

E. _________________________- when unspecialized cells (like _______________) develop into a specific cell type such as a white blood cell or a muscle cell. F. __________________________ - production of new cells or an entire new human. DIFFERENTIATION STEM CELLS REPRODUCTION

V. Body Plan Anatomical Position - _________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Subject stands in front of the observer with head and feet facing forward, arms down at side and palms out to the observer

B. Major Regions of the Body Head (cephalic) Neck (cervical) Trunk Upper Limb Lower Limb

C. Minor Body Regions 1. Head (cephalic) Forehead (frontal) Eye (orbital) Ear (otic) Cheek (buccal) Nose (nasal) Mouth (oral) Chin (mental)

2. Neck (cervical) There is none 

3. Upper Limb Shoulder (acromial) Upper arm (brachial) Armpit (axillary) Front of elbow (antecubital) Forearm (antebracheal) Wrist (carpel) Palm (palmer) Fingers (digital) Manual = wrist, fingers and palm

4. Lower Limb Thigh (femoral) shin (crural) Kneecap (patellar) Hollow behind knee (popliteal) shin (crural) Calf (sural) Heel (calcaneal) Ankle (tarsel) Foot (pedal) Sole (plantar) Toes (digital)

5. Trunk - anterior Chest (Thoracic) Breast (mammary) Naval (umbilical) Abdomen (Abdominal) Pelvis (pelvic) Hip (coxal) Groin (inguinal) Pubis (pubic)

5. Trunk - posterior Back (dorsal) Spinal Column (vertebral) Shoulder blade (scapular) Back (dorsal) Loin (lumbar) Between Hips (sacral) Buttock (gluteal)

VI. Directional Terms Why? ______________________________________ ___________________________________________ We need these in order to describe the position of one part as compared to the position of another part.

Superior or Cranial Toward the head TERM Definition Example Superior or Cranial Toward the head Inferior or caudal Toward the feet Ventral or anterior Toward or at the front of the body (in front of) Dorsal or posterior Toward or at the back of the body (behind) ** The terms ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans, but not in four legged animals.

Closer to the origin of the body part on the body trunk Proximal TERM Definition Example Closer to the origin of the body part on the body trunk Proximal Distal Farther from the origin of a body part on the body trunk Superficial or External Toward or at the body surface Deep or Internal Away from the body surface

Toward or at the midline of the body Medial TERM Definition Example Toward or at the midline of the body Medial Lateral Away from the midline of the body

YOU NEED TO ADD THIS TO YOUR NOTES! Prone: _________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Supine:________________________________________ _____________________________________________ When the subject is lying with the ventral surface down (“Face down”) When the subject is lying with the dorsal surface down (“Face up”)

VII. Types of Body Planes A. ____________________ - divides the body horizontally Transverse

B. ____________________ - divides the body into front and back (anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal) Frontal

C. ____________________ - divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves Midsagittal

D. ____________________ - divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves E. ____________________ - Cuts at an odd angle Parasagittal Oblique

VIII. Body Cavities A. Definition: _________________________________ __________________________________________ Space inside the body to contain, protect, separate and support internal organs

B. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Ventral Body Cavity Abdomino- pelvic Cavity

Mediastinum Cavity (contains parts of trachea, esophagus & bronchi) 1. Sub-Cavities within the Thoracic Cavity Mediastinum Cavity (contains parts of trachea, esophagus & bronchi) Right Pleural Cavity (contains right lung) Pericardial cavity (contains heart) Left Pleural Cavity (contains left lung)

2. Two Sub-cavities of the Abdomino-pelvic cavity Abdominal Cavity (contains digestive organs, liver, spleen & kidneys) Pelvic Cavity (contains urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs & rectum)

C. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity (contains brain) Vertebral Cavity (contains spinal cord)

IX. Body Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Unique to the gall bladder & contains majority of the liver

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Unique to the appendix & contains part of large intestines & small intestines

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Contains majority of the stomach

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Contains small intestines & large intestines