CURRICULUM HISTORIANS Karen Hicks EDUC 615 March 2, 2009

We often wonder why a particular method is touted as the “best” in educational practices. Where and when did educators or people interested in education begin to push a curriculum or instructional methods as the “best” way for education? To understand where we are today, we need to look at those who came before.

Goals To learn a bit about educational historians To be able to answer a short quiz about the historians To understand where some of today’s “new” ideas came from

Historians Charles Eliot Johann Friedich Herbart Johann Friedich Herbart Fredrich Froebel Herbert Spencer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Thomas Jefferson Noah Webster Ben Franklin William Holmes McGruffey William Holmes McGruffey Benjamin Rush Horace Mann Quiz References

Charles Eliot President of Harvard for forty years; introduced the “elective system” giving Harvard students a greater role in determining the focus of their own education Harvard Professor of Mathematics and Chemistry in 1858 Concerned about the relationship between education and economic growth

Enhanced the graduate program and professional schools at Harvard which lead to graduate programs becoming a central part of the American university Chairman of the Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies (1892) – influenced uniformity in high school curriculums and college entrance requirements and urged secondary schools to establish an elective system of courses for their students Main menu

Johann Friedrich Herbart  A German philosopher, psychologist, and educator who laid the foundations of scientific study of education  Learning process – new ideas could enter the mind through association with similar ideas already present and by building up sequences of ideas important to the individual

 Devised educational programs based on the aptitudes, abilities, and interests of students  First scientist to distinguish instructional process from subject matter

 Five-step method of teaching instruction – “Five Formal Steps of the Recitation” 1. Preparation = prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson 2. Presentation = present the new lesson 3. Association = associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier 4. Generalization = use examples to illustrate the lesson’s major points 5. Application = test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson  Emphasized that the proper correlation of curriculum materials would give students an understanding of the world Main menu

Fredrich Froebel  German educationalist who developed the kindergarten system (children’s garden)  As a private tutor using his “hands-on learning” approach in his pupils’ garden, Froebel realized that action and direct observations were the best ways to educate.

 Kindergarten system with an emphasis on play and its use of ‘gifts’ (play materials) and ‘occupations’ (activities)  Teacher’s role – a loving, supportive guide rather than a lecturer  Main menuMain menu

Herbert Spencer English philosopher and father of Social Darwinism Study – 5 areas  1) those activities which directly minister to self-preservation;  2) those activities which, by securing the necessaries of life, indirectly administer to self-preservation;  3) those activities which have for their end the rearing and discipline of offspring;  4) those activities which are involved in the maintenance of proper social and political relations;  5) those miscellaneous activities which fill up the leisure part of life, devoted to the gratification of the tastes and feelings

Controversial ideas – remove Latin and Greek as areas of study. The study of science was a necessity Believed that learning should occur through using the senses when a student interacts with the environment; encourage children to explore and discover His ideas about curriculum were widely accepted in the US  Main menuMain menu

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Early school experience emphasized questions and discussions rather than memorization Wrote Leonhard and Gertrude (1783) and How Gertrude Teaches her Children emphasizing his views on social and educational reform

Child centered education Learning should come from the direct experience of the children Main menu

Thomas Jefferson Saw a direct correlation between literacy, citizenship and successful self- government Proposed a free public system of schools Proposal included three grades for rich and poor students. In these grades, students would be taught reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Students who succeeded in the first three grades would have additional lessons in Latin, Greek, geography, and higher math. Children who did well with the additional lessons would go on to college. His proposal failed because of a lack of money.  Main menuMain menu

Noah Webster Felt that American students should have textbooks on the American language and experience Wrote three books- a speller, a grammar book, and a reader His speller became known as “The American Spelling Book.” Fulfilled a need for students to have textbooks and reference books that related to the “new” American culture Main menu

Ben Franklin Self-educated man who felt that science was the key to solving problems Planned an English language school with a curriculum that focused on scientific and practical skills His goal was to have students who were aware of the way learning connected to the world.

His focus on science and utilitarian subjects was very different from the classical tradition Wanted to prepare students to make contributions in all areas of life His major contribution was his push for a new kind of education that would correspond to the needs of a new nation. Main menu

William Holmes McGuffey Known for his passion for education and preaching the gospel Became a teacher at the age of 14, he had 48 students in a one room school Wrote a series of readers for students

The first reader used phonics to teach reading The second reader used vivid stories the children could remember. His readers were meant to promote morality through stories. These stories were about character and truth. Main menu

Benjamin Rush Top priority was a reform of American education New kind of education was required for the new democracy Felt that the success of the United States depended on science

Believed that women should have a suitable education to instruct their children His system of education promoted training for men and women in the understanding of democracy. Main menu

Horace Mann Known as the “Father of American Public Education” Believed that society could be improved through education and proper environment Believed that state organized education could teach moral and civic values without promoting a specific doctrine

Pushed for education laws that would require towns to provide school for all children whether they were residents or not Founded first state institutions for training teachers, believed that teaching was a skill that required development Convinced that public education could create a better society, education was an equalizer for all men Main menu

Quiz The first to distinguish instruction from subject matter was Herbart or Franklin? Herbart Urged secondary schools to establish an elective system of courses? Eliot or Jefferson Eliot

Developed kindergarten? Froebel or Jefferson? Froebel Proposed a free public school system. Jefferson or Froebel Jefferson Developed the McGuffey Readers. Jefferson or McGuffey McGuffey  Main MenuMain Menu

References Charles Eliot. (n.d.). Charles William Eliot. Friedrich Froebel and Informal Education. (n.d.). froeb.htmhttp:// froeb.htm Herbert Spencer. Herbert Spencer ( ). Holmes, Brian. Herbert Spencer. Prospects. 1994(24). nkersPdf/spencere.pdf nkersPdf/spencere.pdf Horace Mann. Only a Teacher. Johann Friedrich Herbart.

Johann Friedrich Herbart. Kindig, Thomas. (2007). Benjamin Franklin. Signers of the declaration of independence: Short biographies of each of the 56 declaration signers. Kindig, Thomas. (2007). Benjamin Rush. Signers of the declaration of independence: Short biographies of each of the 56 declaration signers. Leitch, Alexander. (1978). Rush, Benjamin. Mason-King, Pam. (n.d.). Horace Mann. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from Meiss, Christina. Benjamin Franklin.

Noah Webster. Smith, Mark. (1997). Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. pest.htmhttp:// pest.htm Sparagana, Jeff. (2002). The educational theory of Thomas Jefferson. Wassenhove, Emily. Benjamin Rush. Weinstein, David. (2002). Herbert Spencer. William Holmes McGuffey. (2007).