Systemic Linguistics: Core Linguistics. words are signs signifier = form = morphology (phonology) signified = meaning = semantics (pragmatics) combination.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
MAIN NOTIONS OF MORPHOLOGY
Advertisements

April 19, 2015April 19, 2015April 19, 2015 intro 2 ling/ssn/ Introduction to Linguistics Week 7.
The Study Of Language Unit 7 Presentation By: Elham Niakan Zahra Ghana’at Pisheh.
First: What is a WORD?  A word is the smallest free form found in a particular language.  A free form is an element that can occur in isolation and/or.
Morphology and Lexicon Chapter 3
Morphology Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words. In English and many other languages, many words can be broken down.
Farzaneh Kadanji Marjan Bagheri TThough the dutch were only a passing political presence in america theier linguistic legacy is immence. ffrom their.
Morphology Nuha Alwadaani.
What’s in a Word…? Chapter 2. Whaddya Think? What do you think are the top ten printed words in English? List them…
Morphology Chapter 7 Prepared by Alaa Al Mohammadi.
Introduction to Linguistics Ms. Suha Jawabreh Lecture 13.
Morphology Words and Rules. Lexicon collection of the meaningful sound and their meanings in a language dictionaries attempt to be written versions of.
Lecture -3 Week 3 Introduction to Linguistics – Level-5 MORPHOLOGY
Language is very difficult to put into words. -- Voltaire What do we mean by “language”? A system used to convey meaning made up of arbitrary elements.
Morphology I. Basic concepts and terms Derivational processes
1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.
Session 6 Morphology 1 Matakuliah : G0922/Introduction to Linguistics
Chapter 3 Lexicon Word The formation of word Lexical change.
Chapter three lexicon 3.1 What is Word? three senses of “ WORD”
Chapter 4 Morphology. Morphology. This term, which literally means ‘the study of forms’ refers to the linguistic study of the different forms of a word,
Word Formation Processes
TLÜ Haapsalu Kolledž, Lihula mnt. 12, Haapsalu 90507; Tel: ; e-post:
1 LIN 1310B Introduction to Linguistics Prof: Nikolay Slavkov TA: Qinghua Tang CLASS 4, Jan 15, 2007.
Words and Word-formation Processes
Word Formation Part 1.
Chapter Four Morphology
Morphology: Word Formation Processes (Yule, 2003 & Jarvie, 1993) M.C. Rafael Velasco Argente Linguistics Spring 2012.
Word-formation process & Morphology. What do we mean by word formation? word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted.
Phonemes A phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning. These units are identified within.
Words and Word-Formation Processes
College of Science and Humanity Studies, Al-Kharj.
Morphology A Closer Look at Words By: Shaswar Kamal Mahmud.
Chapter III morphology by WJQ. Morphology Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
Morphology!. But puns first.  In partnership with Gabe  Have you seen Ken Burns' new documentary on the impact of yeast on agricultural societies? 
A short introduction. Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwwyhndrobwllllantysiligogogoch (a town name in Wales)
WHAT IS LANGUAGE?. INTRODUCTION In order to interact,human beings have developed a language which distinguishes them from the rest of the animal world.
Natural Language Processing Chapter 2 : Morphology.
MORPHOLOGY definition; variability among languages.
MORPHOLOGY. Morphology The study of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed.
CHAPTER II MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS
III. MORPHOLOGY. III. Morphology 1. Morphology The study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 1.1 Open classes.
WORD FORMATION PROCESS
Slang. Informal verbal communication that is generally unacceptable for formal writing.
MORPHOLOGY. PART 1: INTRODUCTION Parts of speech 1. What is a part of speech?part of speech 1. Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts.
The structure and Function of Phrases and Sentences
WORDS AND WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES
Chapter 3 Word Formation I This chapter aims to analyze the morphological structures of words and gain a working knowledge of the different word forming.
Lexicology The subject of lexicology and its aim;
INTRODUCTION ADE SUDIRMAN, S.Pd ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MATHLA’UL ANWAR UNIVERSITY.
Introduction to Linguistics Unit Four Morphology, Part One Dr. Judith Yoel.
WORD FORMATION AND CHANGE WORD CHANGE THE STUDY OF WORDS.
How new words are structured
MORPHOLOGY The study of word forms.
LEVELS OF LANGUAGE SOUND PHONEME MORPHEME WORD PHRASE CLAUSE/SENTENCE.
Morphology Morphology Morphology Dr. Amal AlSaikhan Morphology.
Lecture -3 Week 3 Introduction to Linguistics – Level-5 MORPHOLOGY
Syntax and Morphology Instructor : Dr. Mohamed Fathi
Revision Outcome 1, Unit 1 The Nature and Functions of Language
Lexis.
Chapter 3 Morphology Without grammar, little can be conveyed. Without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed. (David Wilkins ,1972) Morphology refers to.
Lecturer Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi LANE 321
How new words are structured
Chapter 6 Morphology.
Morphology.
EDL 1201 Linguistics for ELT Mohd Marzuki Maulud
Língua Inglesa - Aspectos Morfossintáticos
How new words are structured
Chapter Six CIED 4013 Dr. Bowles
Chhatrapati Shivaji College, Satara
Introduction to English morphology
Presentation transcript:

Systemic Linguistics: Core Linguistics

words are signs signifier = form = morphology (phonology) signified = meaning = semantics (pragmatics) combination of words = sentence structure = syntax

Morphology: language types

analytic languages signal grammatical relationships by word position in the sentence (= word order) synthetic languages signal grammatical relationships by the shape of the words (=inflectional endings) 1500 years ago, English was much more synthetic than it is today. It has changed into a more analytic language

Morphology definition: morphology studies the smallest meaningful units, called 'morphemes' morpheme ≠ phoneme (pit vs. bit) morpheme ≠ word (blueberry, autobus) morpheme ≠ syllable (mo-ther)

types of morphemes: a) free morphemes: may occur on their own and are used freely according to the rules of sentence structure, for example 'boy', 'tree', 'church', 'go', 'leave', 'love'. b) bound morphemes (affixes): cannot usually stand alone but are attached to a free morpheme (= 'base'), e.g 're-', '-ed', '- s'.

types of bound morphemes: - prefixes (in-, re-) - suffixes (-dom, -ship) - infixes (heim-ge-kommen) - circumfixes (heim-ge-kehr-t)

morpheme, morph and allomorph morphemes are ideal abstract units, whereas the corresponding morphs can show some variation morphs are concrete manifestations of a morphome allomorphs are variations of morphemes /z/ in "dogs, beds" /s/ in "cats" /iz/ in "garages"

overview of the discipline

types of inflection a) declension of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns b) conjugation of verbs. derivational morphemes (affixes) are used for word formation

Word formation word formation processes a) derivation definition: a combination of a free and bound morpheme(s) - by far the most common word formation process in the production of new words

examples of derivation:

derivation: exceptions Cranberry morph(eme)s are bound morphemes which occur in only one derivation (or compound) but nowhere else: e.g. cranberry, inane, umpteen similar words (strawberry, inactive, thirteen) suggest that they are indeed morphemes cranberry morphs are relics of words which have died out in other uses

b) compounding definition: a combination two or more free morphemes German is notorious for long words (e.g. Weihnachtsbaumschmuckvertriebsorganis ationshandbuchverkäufer), compounds in English do not usually exceed two units

examples of compounding:

Endocentric compounds: the compound is an instance of the thing denoted by the last constituent (e.g. houseboat is a type of boat, boathouse is a type of house; a person who is seasick is sick) Exocentric compounds: the compound does not refer to an entity denoted by either constituent (a paleface is not a type of face, but a person who has a pale face)

examples of exocentric compounds: paleface, redskin, redneck, skinhead, bigfoot, pickpocket Copulative compounds: both constituents refer to the entity denoted by the whole compound. An owner-builder is both an owner of a house and its builder. e.g. singer-songwriter, bittersweet, deaf- mute

compounds need to be defined on several linguistic levels morphology (free morphemes) phonology (stress on the first element) semantics (unity)

minor word formation processes c) coinage: means the invention of totally new terms the most typical cases are invented trade names for a company’s product which become general terms for any version of that product (without initial capital letters) e.g. 'xerox', 'kleenex' or 'aspirin'

d) conversion: involves a change in the function of a word, e.g. when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction or change) E.g. ‘to paper a wall’ (paper) or ‘a must’ (from the verb ‘must')

e) acronymy: acronyms are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words acronyms are pronounced as single words, e.g. 'NATO', 'RADAR', 'LASER' (unlike in the case of 'CD', which is an initialism)

f) backformation: means a special type of reduction process: a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb) E.g. ‘donate’ (from donation), ‘babysit’ (from babysitter) and ‘televise’ (from television)

g) blending: means a combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term. Blending usually involves taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word E.g. ‘smog’, ‘brunch’ and ‘modem’

h) clipping: means that a word of more than one syllable (facsimile) is reduced to a shorter form E.g. ‘bus’, ‘ad’ and ‘bra’

i) borrowing: refers to the taking over of words from other languages English has adopted a great number of loan-words throughout its history E.g. ‘yogurt’ (Turkish) and ‘alcohol’ (Arabic)