Course : S0705 – Soil Mechanic Year : 2008 TOPIC 5 SOIL BEHAVIOUR
CONTENT SOIL STRENGTH (SESSION 17-18 : F2F) STRESS – STRAIN RESPONSE (SESSION 19-20 : OFC) Bina Nusantara
SESSION 17-18 SOIL STRENGTH Bina Nusantara
SOIL STRENGTH DEFINITION The maximum or ultimate stress the material can sustain against the force of landslide, failure, etc. APPLICATION Soil Strength can be used for calculating : Bearing Capacity of Soil Slope Stability Lateral Pressure Bina Nusantara
SOIL STRENGTH EMBANKMENT LANDSLIDE GLOBAL FAILURE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION LOCAL FAILURE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION RETAINING EARTH WALL VERTICAL SLOPE Bina Nusantara
SOIL STRENGTH FIELD INFLUENCE FACTOR LABORATORY Soil Condition : void ratio, particle shape and size Soil Type : Sand, Sandy, Clay etc Water Content (especially for clay) Type of Load and its Rate Anisotropic Condition LABORATORY Test Method Sample Disturbing Water Content Strain Rate Bina Nusantara
GENERAL EQUATION (COULOMB) = c + n.tan SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL PARAMETER Cohesion (c) Internal Friction Angle () CONDITION Total (c and ) Effective (c’ and ’) GENERAL EQUATION (COULOMB) = c + n.tan Bina Nusantara
SOIL TYPES COHESIVE SOIL COHESIONLESS Soil Has cohesion (c) Example : Clay, Silt COHESIONLESS Soil Only has internal friction angle () ; c = 0 Example : Sand, Gravel Bina Nusantara
SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETER COHESION (C) Sticking together of like materials. INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE () The stress-dependent component which is similar to sliding friction of two or more soil particles Bina Nusantara
SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETER UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH Use for analysis of total stress Commonly = 0 and c = cu DRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH Use for analysis of effective stress, with parameter c’ and ’ ’ = c’ + (n – u) tan ’ Bina Nusantara
= c + .tan MOHR COULOMB CONCEPT c 3 1 1 = 3 + Mohr-Coulomb envelope line c 3 1 Mohr envelope line 1 = 3 + Bina Nusantara
MOHR COULOMB CONCEPT n 1 > 3 1 3 3 1 (1) (2) Bina Nusantara
= c + n.tan MOHR COULOMB CONCEPT (1) and (2) The failure occurs when the value of 1 is minimum or the value of (0.5 . Sin2 - Cos2 . tan) maximum Bina Nusantara
MOHR COULOMB CONCEPT 2 c 3 1 n Failure Envelope Line Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE Determine : - n - Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE Center of Circle = Radius of Circle = Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE Determine : - - Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE Bina Nusantara
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL LABORATORY TESTS FIELD INVESTIGATION Unconfined Compression Test Direct Shear Test Triaxial Test (UU, CU, CD) FIELD INVESTIGATION Vane Shear Test PARAMETER CORRELATIONS Cone Resistance (qc) N-SPT Value California Bearing Capacity Bina Nusantara
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST Bina Nusantara
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST Bina Nusantara
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST Bina Nusantara
DIRECT SHEAR TEST Bina Nusantara
DIRECT SHEAR TEST Clay/Silt Pasir c Bina Nusantara
TRIAXIAL TEST 3 Conditions Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Consolidated Undrained (CU) Consolidated Drained (CD) Bina Nusantara
TRIAXIAL TEST Test Condition Stage 1 Stage 2 Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Apply confining pressure 3 while the drainage line from the specimen is kept closed (drainage is not permitted), then the initial pore water pressure (u=uo) is not equal to zero Apply an added stress at axial direction. The drainage line from the specimen is still kept closed (drainage is not permitted) (u=ud0). At failure state =f ; pore water pressure u=uf=uo+ud(f) Consolidated Undrained (CU) Apply confining pressure 3 while the drainage line from the specimen is opened (drainage is permitted), then the initial pore water pressure (u=uo) is equal to zero Apply an added stress at axial direction. The drainage line from the specimen is kept closed (drainage is not permitted) (u=ud0). At failure state =f ; pore water pressure u=uf=uo+ud(f)=ud(f) Consolidated Drained (CD) Apply an added stress at axial direction. The drainage line from the specimen is opened (drainage is permitted) so the pore water pressure (u=ud) is equal to zero. At failure state =f ; pore water pressure u=uf=uo+ud(f)=0 3 3 Bina Nusantara
TRIAXIAL TEST Bina Nusantara
TRIAXIAL TEST Bina Nusantara
TRIAXIAL TEST Bina Nusantara
TRIAXIAL TEST Bina Nusantara
Type of tests and shear strength SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL SELECTION OF TRIAXIAL TEST Soil type Type of construction Type of tests and shear strength Cohesive Short term (end of construction time) Triaxial UU or CU for Undrained Strength with appropriate level of insitu strength Staging Construction Triaxial CU for Undrained Strength with appropriate level of insitu strength Long term Triaxial CU with pore water pressure measurement or Triaxial CD for effective shear strength parameter Granular All Strength parameter ’ which is got from field investigation or direct shear test Material c- Long Term Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF UU STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Embankment constructed rapidly over a soft clay deposit Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF UU STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Large earth dam constructed rapidly with no change in water content of clay core Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF UU STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Footing placed rapidly on clay deposit Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF CU STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Embankment raised (2) subsequent to consolidation under its original height (1) Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF CU STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Rapid drawdown behind an earth dam No drainage of the core. Reservoir level falls from 1 2 Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF CU STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Rapid construction of an embankment on a natural slope Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF CD STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Embankment constructed very slowly, in layers, over a soft clay deposit Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF CD STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Earth dam with steady-state seepage Bina Nusantara
EXAMPLE USE OF CD STRENGTH IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE Excavation or natural slope in clay Bina Nusantara
SELECTION OF SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETER CU with pore water pressure measurement Bina Nusantara
SESSION 19-20 STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE Bina Nusantara
STRESS-STRAIN MODELS Non-Linear and Elastic Linear and Elastic Bina Nusantara
STRESS-STRAIN MODELS Elastic Perfectly Plastic Elasto-Plastic Bina Nusantara
STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE OF SOILS Triaxial tests are the standard means of investigating the stress-strain-strength response of soils. To simplify, only simple shear tests will be considered. The simple shear test is an improved shear box test which imposes more uniform stresses and strains. s dx t dz H gxz gxz = dx/H ez = - dz/H = ev Bina Nusantara
SAND BEHAVIOUR Depends on: Mean Effective stress (Normal effective stress in simple shear) Relative density, Id Bina Nusantara
SAND BEHAVIOUR Bina Nusantara
SAND BEHAVIOUR For tests performed with the same normal stress All samples approach the same ultimate shear stress and void ratio, irrespective of the initial relative density Initially dense samples attain higher peak angles of friction Initially dense soils expand (dilate) when sheared Initially loose soils compress when sheared Bina Nusantara
SAND BEHAVIOUR Bina Nusantara
SAND BEHAVIOUR The ultimate values of shear stress and void ratio depend on the applied normal stress The ultimate stress ratio and angle of friction are independent of density and stress level Initially dense samples attain higher peak angles of friction, but the peak friction angle decreases as the stress increases Initially dense soils expand and initially loose soils compress when sheared. Increasing the normal stress causes less dilation (more compression) Bina Nusantara
CLAY BEHAVIOUR Essentially the same as sands. However, data presented as a function of OCR rather than relative density. OCR is defined as e log s’ CSL swelling line NCL - normal consolidation line It is found that NCL and CSL have the same slope in e-log s’ Bina Nusantara
CLAY BEHAVIOUR – DRAINED CONDITION Bina Nusantara
CLAY BEHAVIOUR – DRAINED CONDITION In drained loading the change in effective stress is identical to the change in total stress. In a shear box (or simple shear) test the normal stress is usually kept constant, and hence the response is fixed in the t, s’ plot. The soil heads towards a critical state when sheared, and this ultimate (or critical) state can be determined from the t, s’ plot. The change in void ratio can then be determined. Knowing the sign of the volume change enables the likely stress-strain response to be estimated. Bina Nusantara
CLAY BEHAVIOUR – UNDRAINED CONDITION Bina Nusantara
CLAY BEHAVIOUR – UNDRAINED CONDITION In undrained loading the void ratio (moisture content) must stay constant. The soil must head towards a critical state when sheared, and knowing e the critical state can be determined from the e, s’ plot. Once the critical state has been determined in the e, s’ plot the ultimate shear stress is also fixed. The ultimate shear stress is related to the undrained strength. This relation can be obtained by considering a Mohr’s circle. Bina Nusantara
CLAY BEHAVIOUR – UNDRAINED CONDITION In undrained loading the effective stresses are fixed because void ratio (moisture content) must stay constant. The total stresses are controlled by the external loads, and the pore pressure is simply the difference between the total stress and effective stress. The CSL provides an explanation for the existence of cohesion (undrained strength) in frictional soils From the CSL it can also be seen that changes in moisture content (void ratio) will lead to different undrained strengths Bina Nusantara
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SAND AND CLAY All soils are essentially frictional materials but different parameters are used for sands (Id) and clays (OCR) e Clay Loose Sand Dense NCL NCL log s’ (MPa) Bina Nusantara 0.1 1 10 100
APPLICATION Bina Nusantara