Components: Hardware Part 1 INF550/NZDB550 INF550 2014

Objectives To understand the processing and storage components in computers with relation to business use of computers

Revision What are the components which make up a Computerised Information System?

Components And of course, the Users Hardware Part 1 INF550 2014 Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section 1.2, Figure 1.3 INF550 2014

Question Why do business students need to know about computer hardware? Surely the IT people will worry about this?

Why knowledge of Hardware is Important Hardware Part 1 Why knowledge of Hardware is Important You will be using it in your careers You should have input into what type of hardware you need to perform your job efficiently and effectively as you are the user Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Question What is hardware?

Hardware Part 1 Hardware Devices which accept, process, and display data and information Central Processing Unit (CPU) Primary Storage Secondary Storage Input Technologies – next week Output Technologies – next week Communication Technologies – later in the course From Week 1 slide show INF550 2014

Strategic Hardware Issues Hardware Part 1 Strategic Hardware Issues Hardware keeps improving As soon as hardware is purchased, it is obsolete!! It is becoming smaller, cheaper, faster and more powerful all the time For tax purposes most is depreciated over 4 years A balance is needed between waiting for new technology and buying now Is the price of waiting for new improved technology tomorrow outweighed by using less efficient technology today Sources: IRD rates http://www.ird.govt.nz/resources/6/5/6576ff004ba3cf748844bd9ef8e4b077/ir265.pdf retrieved 6 February 2014 Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.1 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Types of Computers

Computer Hierarchy Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Hardware Part 1 Computer Hierarchy Supercomputers Fastest computers available at a given time used by large organisations to manipulate very large sets of data Mainframe Computers Used where thousands of users are accessing the computer simultaneously Eg airline reservation system, large ecommerce websites like Amazon Midrange C0mputers Also known as minicomputers Type of server that supports computer networks and enable users to share files etc We are not interested in these types of computers – this is where the IT department are involved Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Server Computers which provide a variety of services to the client Hardware Part 1 Server Computers which provide a variety of services to the client Run the network Process web sites and email Client – the user of the system Computers which users preform tasks on eg Word Processing, Spreadsheets etc Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Microcomputers – the PC Hardware Part 1 Microcomputers – the PC Smallest and least expensive Desktop PCs Thin-Client Systems Laptop and Notebook Computers Netbooks Tablet Computers This is the type of computer assignment 1 is based around Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Desktop PCs Everyday computer used in homes and businesses Includes Hardware Part 1 Desktop PCs Everyday computer used in homes and businesses Includes CPU Separate but connected monitor Separate but connected keyboard Have gigabytes of primary storage Rewriteable CD-ROM and DVD drives Few terabytes of secondary storage Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Hardware Part 1 Thin-Client Systems Desktop computers which don’t offer the full functionality of a Desktop PC Tend to access software from the server over the network rather than have it installed on the local system Fast to deploy and lower cost of ownership If the network fails, user can not do anything Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Laptop and Notebook Computers Hardware Part 1 Laptop and Notebook Computers Small lightweight portable microcomputers Provide same type of processing power as desktops Tend to be more expensive than the desktop computer Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Netbook Very small, lightweight and portable computer Hardware Part 1 Netbook Very small, lightweight and portable computer Generally optimised for internet bases services like web browsing and email. Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Tablet Computers Complete computer contained in a flat touch screen Hardware Part 1 Tablet Computers Complete computer contained in a flat touch screen Can be operated by touch rather than using a separate keyboard and mouse. Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.3 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Components of a Computer The CPU

Central Processing Unit - CPU Hardware Part 1 Central Processing Unit - CPU The brains of the computer Manipulates the data Controls the tasks performed by the other components Microprocessor made up of millions of microscopic transistors embedded in a circuit on a silicon wafer (or chip) Moore’s Law 1965 prediction made that microprocessor complexity would double about every 2 years Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1 retrieved 6 February 2014 Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section 1.5 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

Parts of a Microprocessor Hardware Part 1 Parts of a Microprocessor Program Instructions Directs flow of data Performs arithmetic and logical operations Using binary data Transformed data Input Data Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Figure TG1.2 Section 1.5 retrieved 6 February 2014 INF550 2014

How the CPU Works Hardware Part 1 INF550 2014 Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG 1.5 INF550 2014

Is the CPU Clock Speed Important? Hardware Part 1 Is the CPU Clock Speed Important? Not really as different processor families perform at different rates so should only compare clock speed for CPUs in the same family Source: http://www.howtogeek.com/177790/why-you-cant-use-cpu-clock-speed-to-compare-computer-performance/ retrieved 7 February 2014 Processor Family CPU Clock speed – how many clock cycles per second can be performed Chip Name INF550 2014

Hardware Part 1 There are 10 types of people, those who understand binary and those who don’t! Convert text to binary ASCII table What is Unicode? ASCII ALT Codes - Hold ALT down and type 0189 = ½ ASCII is quite handy and you can access special characters quickly though it. For example ½ can be quickly typed by holding down ALT and typing 0189 which is much faster than accessing special characters in word. The £ pound is ALT + 0163 INF550 2014

Types of Chips 32 bit v 64 bit Processors Multi-Core Chips Hardware Part 1 Types of Chips 32 bit v 64 bit Processors Amount of RAM computer can use 32 bit limited to 4GB, 64 bit effectively limitless 64 bit allows larger calculations to be made faster Faster input and output speeds Multi-Core Chips A chip with 2 or more CPUs working together Advanced Processor Units (APU’s) Combining multiple CPU and GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) cores in 1 chip for better multimedia functionality 32 bit processor can hold 2^32 bytes of RAM – approx 4GB 64 bit processor can hold 2^64 bytes of RAM – approx 1 billion GB Source: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor1.htm/printable retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Today’s Processors Hardware Part 1 INF550 2014 This slide created by Lee Harper NMIT 2013. Listing current processors as of March 2013, differs from the text book which seems to circa 2009 and very out of date. Two main manufactures of processors. Intel (82.3% market share, AMD (17.0% market share). - as of end of 2012 AMD often more innovative than Intel, first to bring 64-bit processors to the market (2004 – Intel got there in 2006), currently first to develop APU’s (2010) and currently the first with 16 cores (2011). The remaining 0.7% market share is made up of VIA processors which are only used in very low powered budget devices such as cheap tablets. “Turbo Boost” allows the Core i5 to automatically over-lock itself (speed it’s Ghz up) for a short period if the computer is experiencing a heavy workload. This makes the Core i5 great for people like accountants who occasionally need to run larger reports say once or twice a week. INF550 2014

Components of a Computer Storage

Computer Memory Basics Hardware Part 1 Computer Memory Basics Source: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm/printable retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Hardware Part 1 Primary Storage Temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing Data to be processed by the CPU Instructions for the CPU on how to process the data Operating system programs to manage the computer operations Contained in chips on the motherboard Types Register Cache RAM ROM Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1 retrieved 6 February 2014 Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.5 retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Registers and Cache Register Cache Part of the CPU Hardware Part 1 Registers and Cache Register Part of the CPU Holds minimal amounts of instructions and data immediately before and after processing Cache High speed memory storing temporary blocks of frequently used data Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.5 retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

RAM Random Access Memory Holds Temporary and volatile Hardware Part 1 RAM Random Access Memory Holds software program being used small amounts of data for processing Temporary and volatile Content lost when power is lost Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 TG1.5 retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Hardware Part 1 ROM Read Only Memory Contains critical instructions – BIOS (Basic Input Output System) Initial start up (boot) instructions Set date and time etc Non-volatile Can not be changed Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.5 retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Secondary Storage Stores data and programs for future use Non-volatile Hardware Part 1 Secondary Storage Stores data and programs for future use Non-volatile Takes longer to retrieve data from it than from RAM Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1 retrieved 6 February 2014 Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.5 retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Types Magnetic Tape Hard Drive Solid State Drives CD-ROM DVD Blu-Ray Hardware Part 1 Types Magnetic Tape Hard Drive Solid State Drives CD-ROM DVD Blu-Ray Flash Memory Cards Flash Drives Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.5 retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes bit = 0 or 1 (bit  binary unit) byte = 8 bits Hardware Part 1 Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes bit = 0 or 1 (bit  binary unit) byte = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (2^10) Average page of text contains 2000 bytes Megabyte (MB) = approx. 1 million bytes Gigabyte (GB) = approx. 1 billion bytes Terabyte (TB) = approx. 1 trillion bytes Petabyte = approx. 1000 terabytes Exabyte = approx. 1000 petabytes Zettabyte = approx. 1000 exabytes Source: Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1.5 retrieved 7 February 2014 INF550 2014

Finding Out About Your Computer Hardware Part 1 Finding Out About Your Computer Finding out about your computer – go to control panel and find System. INF550 2014

References Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section 1.2, Figure 1.3 Rainer, R. K., & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: supporting and transforming business (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://llcp.nmit.ac.nz:2307/book/-/9781118063347 Section TG1 retrieved 6 February 2014

References Continued http://www.howtogeek.com/177790/why-you-cant-use-cpu-clock-speed-to-compare-computer-performance/ retrieved 7 February 2014 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor1.htm/printable retrieved 7 February 2014 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm/printable retrieved 7 February 2014