Plymouth State University Computer Hardware How to Choose a Multimedia Computer
Plymouth State University ENIAC - The First Electronic Digital Computer
Plymouth State University The Four Functions of a Computer INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT STORAGE INFORMATION DATA
Plymouth State University The System Unit Power Supply System Board Hard Drives or CD-ROM Drives Floppy Drive Expansion Card
Plymouth State University Directions of Computer Development Miniaturization –Transistors –Integrated circuits Solid state Semiconductor Chip
Plymouth State University Integrated Circuit IC, or "chip" Made from Silicon Includes Transistors, Resistors & Capacitors
Plymouth State University Steps in Manufacture of a Microchip 1 Make large drawing. Reduce drawing hundreds of times to microscopic size. 2 Duplicate reduced photo many times on sheet.
Plymouth State University Etched Silicon Wafer
Plymouth State University Future Developments in Processing & Storage Moore’s Law –Gordon Moore predicted the number of transistors on a silicon chip will double every 18 months –It has held up since the 1960s!
Plymouth State University The System Unit: The Basics The CPU –Older CPUs processing speeds are in MegaHertz 1 MHz = 1 Million ticks per second –Current CPUs processing speeds are in GigaHertz 1 GHz = 1 Billion ticks per second –The faster a CPU runs, the more power it consumes, and the more heat it generates
Plymouth State University Secondary Storage, Primary Storage and the CPU Main Memory (RAM) CPU Secondary Storage (Disk) Load Execute
Plymouth State University How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, & Flash Types of memory chips: 1.RAM - Random Access Memory, used to temporarily hold software instructions and data 2.ROM 3.Flash
Plymouth State University How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, & Flash Types of memory chips: 1.RAM 2.ROM - Read-Only Memory, which cannot be written on or erased by the computer user. Contains fixed start-up instructions 3.Flash
Plymouth State University How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash Types of memory chips: 1.RAM 2.ROM 3.Flash - can be erased and reprogrammed more than once
Plymouth State University Bits & Bytes Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte
Plymouth State University Binary Coding Schemes ASCII EBCDIC Unicode
Plymouth State University Microchips Microprocessors Memory Logic Communications Graphics
Plymouth State University Central Processing Unit n Control Unit n Arithmetic/Logic Unit n Registers
Plymouth State University CU ALU CPU Registers
Plymouth State University Control Unit n Controls step-by-step operation of computer
Plymouth State University Arithmetic/Logic Unit n Arithmetic n = 6 n = 4 n Logic n 9 > 6 n 3 < 7 n 5 = 5
Plymouth State University Registers Temporary storage locations within the CPU
Plymouth State University CPU Operation n Machine Cycle n Time it takes to process one machine instruction n Two parts: Fetch Cycle - Get instruction, decode it, set up Execution Cycle - Carry out the instruction
Plymouth State University TOTAL = CU ALU Registers CPU
Plymouth State University TOTAL = CU ALU CPU ADD
Plymouth State University TOTAL = CU ALU CPU 13 ADD
Plymouth State University TOTAL = CU ALU CPU ADD
Plymouth State University TOTAL = CU ALU CPU ADD
Plymouth State University TOTAL = CU ALU CPU TOTAL Main Memory STORE
Plymouth State University Two Types of Storage PRIMARY Storage - Main memory or RAM SECONDARY Storage - Auxiliary Storage (disks, Flash etc.)
Plymouth State University Disk Drives Drive A: “Floppy” DRIVE Drive C: Hard Drive (Internal)
Plymouth State University Secondary Storage Devices Hard Disks Nonremovable disks –Known as a fixed disk –Capacity up to 1 terabyte + –Consists of inch metallic platters
Plymouth State University Hard Disk Drive
Plymouth State University Magnetic Disk Uses Direct Access
Plymouth State University Magnetic Disk Storage Rotational Delay Seek Time
Plymouth State University Disk Heads Hair Dust Magnetic Disk Surface Read/Write Head
Plymouth State University Head Crash Read/Write Head Disk Surface
Plymouth State University Compact Disk (CD)
Plymouth State University Secondary Storage Devices Optical Disks CD – compact disk –about 700 megabytes –CD-ROM –CD-R –CD-RW
Plymouth State University Secondary Storage Devices Optical Disks DVD – digital video disk –4.7 – 17 gigabytes –DVD-ROM – read-only –DVD-R – rewritable one time –Reusable types DVD-RW DVD-RAM
Plymouth State University Flash Memory Flash memory is nonvolatile
Plymouth State University Input and Output n INPUT - We provide the DATA to be processed n OUTPUT - We use the INFORMATION produced
Plymouth State University Input & Output Hardware Input hardware Translates words, numbers, sounds, and pictures into numbers Output hardware Translates numbers back into words, numbers, sounds, and pictures
Plymouth State University Some Input Devices Keyboards Pointing devices Mouse Trackball Touch screen Pen input Source data-entry devices Scanner Text (OCR) Voice Video MICR FAX
Plymouth State University Input Hardware Keyboards: convert letters, numbers, and characters into electrical signals –English keyboards differ from foreign language keyboards German Keyboard
Plymouth State University Input Hardware Webcams and Video-input Cards Webcams –Video cameras attached to a computer to record live moving images then post them to a website in real time –Require special software, usually included with the camera
Plymouth State University Input Hardware Camera Phones Digital cameras are now on cell phones –Convenience of being able to take photos, then instantly or message them to someone else
Plymouth State University Touch Screen
Plymouth State University Input Hardware Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices – imaging systems Scanning devices – bar code readers –Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) –Optical-mark recognition (OMR) –Optical character recognition (OCR) Scanning devices – fax machines
Plymouth State University Check Processing
Plymouth State University Source Data-Entry Device
Plymouth State University Bar Code
Plymouth State University Smart Cards Similar to credit cards Contain a microprocessor
Plymouth State University Digital Camera
Plymouth State University GPS
Plymouth State University Biometrics Fingerprints Retina Scanning Face Recognition
Plymouth State University Output Hardware Softcopy –Data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form; exists electronically –Output that is ephemeral in nature Hardcopy –Printed and film output –Output that is more permanent in nature
Plymouth State University Display Screens
Plymouth State University Resolution Resolution = TOTAL PIXELS = # dots across by # dots down Example: 1024 X 768
Plymouth State University Types of Terminals Dumb Terminals Intelligent Terminals
Plymouth State University Specialized Terminals n ATM’s n POS’s
Plymouth State University MIDI Music
Plymouth State University Output Hardware: Hardcopy Devices Impact printers –Dot-matrix Nonimpact printers –Laser –Ink-jet
Plymouth State University Other Types of Output Projectors COM Machine Control Voice House Control Center
Plymouth State University Machine Control
Plymouth State University Health Matters Repetitive stress injuries –Carpal tunnel syndrome Eyestrain & headaches Back & neck pains Electromagnetic fields Noise
Plymouth State University Ergonomics Fitting the job environment to the worker Purpose – make working conditions and equipment safer and more efficient
Plymouth State University Ergonomic Considerations Chair Keyboard Height Wrist Rest Monitor Height Lighting Noise
Plymouth State University Ergonomic Keyboard
Plymouth State University Ergonomics Eye strain Radiation Glare
Plymouth State University Ethics Theft Counterfeiting
Craig’s List 72Web Expressions