Fundamentals of Quality Health Research FH Health Research Intelligence Group.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Strategies to unlock your research potential. Eighth Biennial National Health Occupations Curriculum Conference Houston, TX October 29 – Nov 2, 2002.
Advertisements

What is a review? An article which looks at a question or subject and seeks to summarise and bring together evidence on a health topic.
Action Research Not traditional educational research often research tests theory not practical Teacher research in classrooms and/or schools/districts.
Putting Your Research Ideas Into Practice
Introduction to Evidence-Based Inquiry
8. Evidence-based management Step 3: Critical appraisal of studies
Introduction to Research Methodology
Introduction to the Quantitative Research Process
Introduction to Research
Chapter 13: Descriptive and Exploratory Research
Problem Identification
Research Proposal Development of research question
Research problem, Purpose, question
Chapter 7. Getting Closer: Grading the Literature and Evaluating the Strength of the Evidence.
By Dr. Ahmed Mostafa Assist. Prof. of anesthesia & I.C.U. Evidence-based medicine.
Introduction to evidence based medicine
Introduction to the course and to your assignment
Research Methodology Lecture 1.
September 26, 2012 DATA EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
RESEARCH DESIGN.
Introduction to Research Methodology
RESEARCH A systematic quest for undiscovered truth A way of thinking
Evidence-Based Practice Current knowledge and practice must be based on evidence of efficacy rather than intuition, tradition, or past practice. The importance.
Reading Scientific Papers Shimae Soheilipour
CSD 5100 Introduction to Research Methods in CSD First Day Opening Stretch Course Requirements/Syllabus What is Science? What is Research? The Scientific.
Research Methods Key Points What is empirical research? What is the scientific method? How do psychologists conduct research? What are some important.
Study Design. Study Designs Descriptive Studies Record events, observations or activities,documentaries No comparison group or intervention Describe.
Epidemiology The Basics Only… Adapted with permission from a class presentation developed by Dr. Charles Lynch – University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Program Evaluation. Program evaluation Methodological techniques of the social sciences social policy public welfare administration.
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Research !!.  Philosophy The foundation of human knowledge A search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather thanobservational.
RESEARCH IN MATH EDUCATION-3
Systematic Reviews.
Nursing Research Prof. Nawal A. Fouad (5) March 2007.
Research Methods1 Introduction Introduction to Research Course Content Assessment.
Evidence-Based Public Health Nancy Allee, MLS, MPH University of Michigan November 6, 2004.
The Literature Search and Background of the Problem.
Research Concepts: Principles version 2.0
URBDP 591 I Lecture 3: Research Process Objectives What are the major steps in the research process? What is an operational definition of variables? What.
Research Concepts. Agenda Research Basics What research is and is not Where research comes from Research deliverables Methodologies Research process Quantitative.
1 The Theoretical Framework. A theoretical framework is similar to the frame of the house. Just as the foundation supports a house, a theoretical framework.
Academic Research Academic Research Dr Kishor Bhanushali M
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Intelligent Consumer Chapter 14 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following.
Anatomy of a Research Article Five (or six) major sections Abstract Introduction (without a heading!) Method (and procedures) Results Discussion and conclusions.
Research Methods Ass. Professor, Community Medicine, Community Medicine Dept, College of Medicine.
Sifting through the evidence Sarah Fradsham. Types of Evidence Primary Literature Observational studies Case Report Case Series Case Control Study Cohort.
Evidence-Based Practice Evidence-Based Practice Current knowledge and practice must be based on evidence of efficacy rather than intuition, tradition,
Introduction to Research. Purpose of Research Evidence-based practice Validate clinical practice through scientific inquiry Scientific rational must exist.
Research Word has a broad spectrum of meanings –“Research this topic on ….” –“Years of research has produced a new ….”
Research Methods in Psychology Introduction to Psychology.
Understanding the Research Process
Prof.V.Bastin Jerome Assistant Professor of Commerce St.Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli –2.
Critiquing Quantitative Research.  A critical appraisal is careful evaluation of all aspects of a research study in order to assess the merits, limitations,
Evidence-Based Mental Health PSYC 377. Structure of the Presentation 1. Describe EBP issues 2. Categorize EBP issues 3. Assess the quality of ‘evidence’
Dr. Aidah Abu Elsoud Alkaissi An-Najah National University Employ evidence-based practice: key elements.
1 Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 15 Evidence-Based Practice.
STEP - 4 Research Design 1. The term “research design” can be defined as, The systematic study plan used to turn a research question or research questions.
Chapter 6 Selecting a Design. Research Design The overall approach to the study that details all the major components describing how the research will.
Unit 1.  Fundamentals of research ◦ Meaning of research ◦ Objectives of research ◦ Significance of research  Types of Research  Approaches to research.
Writing a sound proposal
Research Problems, Purposes, & Hypotheses
Critically Appraising a Medical Journal Article
Fundamental of Scientific Research (Research methods)
The scope and focus of the Research
The Literature Search and Background of the Problem
How to read a paper D. Singh-Ranger.
Chapter 7 The Hierarchy of Evidence
Reading Research Papers-A Basic Guide to Critical Analysis
CLINICAL RESEARCH: An Introduction
Information Pyramid UpToDate, Dynamed, FIRSTConsult, ACP PIER
Presentation transcript:

Fundamentals of Quality Health Research FH Health Research Intelligence Group

What is Research? “….the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.” (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001) “….the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.” (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001)

FH Research Definitions Research Involving Human Subjects Research involving human subjects is defined as any systematic investigation (including pilot studies, exploratory studies, and academic course work assignments) designed to contribute to generalizable knowledge. Generalizable knowledge consists of facts, theories, principles or relationships, or the accumulation of information on which they are based, that can be corroborated by accepted scientific methods of observation and inference. (The ethical conduct of research and other studies involving human subjects. Section 2.2)

Research Characteristics 1. Originates with question/problem 1. Originates with question/problem 2. Follows a specific plan or procedure 2. Follows a specific plan or procedure 3. Guided by the hypothesis, question or problem 3. Guided by the hypothesis, question or problem 4. Accepts certain critical assumptions 4. Accepts certain critical assumptions 5. Requires collection and interpretation of data 5. Requires collection and interpretation of data 6. Cyclical in nature 6. Cyclical in nature

Types of Health Research Biomedical Research Biomedical Research Clinical Research Clinical Research Health Services/Systems Research Health Services/Systems Research Population Health Research Population Health Research

Health Research Biomedical Research Biomedical Research To understand normal and abnormal functioning at the molecular, cellular, organ system and whole body levels. To understand normal and abnormal functioning at the molecular, cellular, organ system and whole body levels. Includes the development of tools and techniques and new therapies or devices that can improve health and quality of life up to the point where they are tested on human subjects. Includes the development of tools and techniques and new therapies or devices that can improve health and quality of life up to the point where they are tested on human subjects. Does not have a diagnostic or therapeutic orientation. Does not have a diagnostic or therapeutic orientation.

Health Research Clinical Research Clinical Research Targets improving the diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury. Targets improving the diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury. Focus on the health and quality of life of individuals. Focus on the health and quality of life of individuals. Includes research on animal models of human disease, clinical trials and other therapeutic interventions. Includes research on animal models of human disease, clinical trials and other therapeutic interventions.

Health Research Health Services/Systems Research Health Services/Systems Research Multidisciplinary field Multidisciplinary field Aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health professionals and the health care system. Aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health professionals and the health care system. Interventions at the level of practice and policy. Interventions at the level of practice and policy.

Health Research Population Health Research Population Health Research Studies the impact of social and environmental factors on the health of populations/subpopulations. Studies the impact of social and environmental factors on the health of populations/subpopulations. May examine social, cultural, environmental, occupational, and economic factors that determine health status. May examine social, cultural, environmental, occupational, and economic factors that determine health status. Research data is used to identify areas where the health of a population can be improved. Research data is used to identify areas where the health of a population can be improved.

Conducting Research CIHR Evaluation Guidelines Significance and relevance to health Knowledge of the field (cited literature) Clear, testable hypothesis or central research problem Originality and innovation in concept or approach Feasibility of work plan

Significance and Relevance to Health Research begins with the identification of a problem/knowledge gap and formulation of a research question. Identifying this problem can be the hardest part of research. Identifying this problem can be the hardest part of research. The problem or question does not have to be complex. The problem or question does not have to be complex. Where to obtain a research idea Experience in your area of specialty. Experience in your area of specialty. Knowledge of the relevant literature and issues. Knowledge of the relevant literature and issues. Practice guidelines. Practice guidelines. Journal editorials and review articles. Journal editorials and review articles.

Significance and Relevance to Health Good research proposals should: Good research proposals should: Address an important question. Address an important question. State the problem clearly and completely. State the problem clearly and completely. Advance knowledge. Advance knowledge. How do you know if your idea is good? How do you know if your idea is good? Talk to your peers and other experts in your field. Talk to your peers and other experts in your field. Obtain an outside opinion. Obtain an outside opinion. Look to the literature to see if it has already been studied. Look to the literature to see if it has already been studied.

Knowledge of the Field Sources of Research Literature Journal articles – PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, etc Journal articles – PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, etc Conference papers - Conference Proceedings Conference papers - Conference Proceedings Dissertations - Dissertation Abstracts Dissertations - Dissertation Abstracts Gray literature (reports, working papers, government documents) Gray literature (reports, working papers, government documents)

Knowledge of the Field What to look for Systematic Reviews Systematic Reviews An approach to summarizing the medical literature where the methods undertaken to conduct the search are reported so that it may be replicated and updated. An approach to summarizing the medical literature where the methods undertaken to conduct the search are reported so that it may be replicated and updated. Meta-analysis Meta-analysis A review that uses quantitative methods to summarize the results. A review that uses quantitative methods to summarize the results. Review Articles Review Articles Original Articles Original Articles

Knowledge of the Field Type of Question Type of Study Therapy Double Blind RCT Diagnosis Controlled Trial Prognosis Cohort Studies, Case Control, Case Series Etiology Cohort Studies Prevention Randomized Controlled Trial Cohort Studies Quality Improvement Randomized Controlled Trial What is the best evidence?

Knowledge of the Field What to use: The levels of evidence (Sackett, 2000) 1A = Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) 1B = RCTs with Narrow Confidence Interval 1C = All or None Case Series 2A = Systematic Review Cohort Studies 2B = Cohort Study/Low Quality RCT 2C = Outcomes Research 3A = Systematic Review of Case-Controlled Studies 3B = Case-controlled Study 4 = Case Series, Poor Cohort Case Controlled 5 = Expert Opinion

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Factors to consider when developing an hypothesis or statement of the research question: Phase Phase Theory Building Theory Building Testing Testing Theory Extension Theory Extension

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Factors to consider when developing an hypothesis or statement of the research question: Purpose Purpose Exploration Exploration Description Description Explanation Explanation Prediction Prediction Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Testing

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Factors to consider when developing an hypothesis or statement of the research question: Unit of Analysis Unit of Analysis Individual Individual Dyad Dyad Group Group Organizational Unit Organizational Unit Industry Segment / Sector Industry Segment / Sector Community Community Society Society

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Factors to consider when developing an hypothesis or statement of the research question: Definition Definition Population Population Sampling Frame Sampling Frame Sample Sample

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Factors to consider when developing an hypothesis or statement of the research question: Time Horizon Time Horizon Snapshot Snapshot Cross- Sectional Cross- Sectional Longitudinal Longitudinal Retrospective Retrospective

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Factors to consider when developing an hypothesis or statement of the research question: Study Setting Study Setting Natural Natural Contrived Contrived Researcher Influence Researcher Influence

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Research Design – depends on the research question Descriptive Descriptive Analytic Analytic Experimental Experimental Quasi-Experimental Quasi-Experimental Qualitative Qualitative

Methodology Comparison Quantitative Explanation, prediction Explanation, prediction Test theories Test theories Known variables Known variables Larger sample Larger sample Standardized instruments Standardized instruments Deductive Deductive Qualitative Explanation, description Build theories Unknown variables Smaller sample Observations, interviews Inductive

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Method: Subjects/Patients/Units of Measure Subjects/Patients/Units of Measure Sample size and justification Sample size and justification Inclusion criteria Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Procedure Procedure Detailed account of how the research design is executed Detailed account of how the research design is executed Provides information on timelines and measures Provides information on timelines and measures Sufficient information so that it can be replicated Sufficient information so that it can be replicated Analysis Analysis Statistical analysis is appropriate for the research design and will answer the research question Statistical analysis is appropriate for the research design and will answer the research question

Clear, Testable Problem/Hypothesis Methodological Consideration Objectivity/Bias Objectivity/Bias Definitions Definitions Reliability Reliability Validity Validity Assumptions Assumptions Limitations Limitations Confounds Confounds

Originality and Innovation in Concept or Approach Open up a new area Open up a new area Provide a unifying framework Provide a unifying framework Resolve a long-standing question Resolve a long-standing question Thoroughly explore an area Thoroughly explore an area Challenge existing knowledge Challenge existing knowledge Experimentally validate a theory Experimentally validate a theory Produce an efficient system Produce an efficient system Provide needed empirical data Provide needed empirical data Derive superior algorithms Derive superior algorithms Develop new methodology Develop new methodology Develop a new tool Develop a new tool

Feasibility of Work Plan Time Time Human Resources Human Resources Technology Technology Money Money

FH Health Research Intelligence Group How can we help? Grant Facilitator-Writer Grant Facilitator-Writer Conducting a search for funding opportunities Conducting a search for funding opportunities Automatic notification of new funding sources and deadlines Automatic notification of new funding sources and deadlines Identifying a research team Identifying a research team Preparing letters of intent Preparing letters of intent Identifying resources required for conducting the research Identifying resources required for conducting the research Formulating the research budget Formulating the research budget Writing the grant application Writing the grant application Understanding FH and funding agency requirements regarding preparation of specific documents Understanding FH and funding agency requirements regarding preparation of specific documents

FH Health Research Intelligence Group How can we help? Epidemiologist Epidemiologist Specifying the research goal, objectives and hypothesis Specifying the research goal, objectives and hypothesis Identifying measurable outcomes Identifying measurable outcomes Specifying the variables for analysis Specifying the variables for analysis Identifying sources of data Identifying sources of data Developing data collection tools for quantitative or qualitative studies Developing data collection tools for quantitative or qualitative studies Developing the statistical analysis plan Developing the statistical analysis plan Analyzing the data Analyzing the data Understanding how to use statistical software, such as SPSS Understanding how to use statistical software, such as SPSS