 "Advice and counseling for individuals with personal psychological problems. Care and protection of dependent persons.  Care and treatment of individuals with disabilities.  Care and treatment of individuals who are sick, including the mentally ill. Control of dangerous or deviant behavior.  Development of social interaction skills involved in group participation and in collective decision making.10  Development of work skills.  Education and socialization of children and youth.  Mutual assistance in emergencies and catastrophies.  Organization of problem-solving groups.  Recreation and social activities.  Transfer of economic resources—or the direct provision of food, shelter, and medical care to individuals and households without such resources.

 Example 1: Access, protective, survival; and personal growth services. Human services include those services providing access to other services, such as programs to provide referral information, outreach, transportation, and escort  services. A second category, protective services, includes those services that offer guardianship for abused children or youthful offenders and prevention of drug abuse. A third category includes basic services necessary for survival, including health care and housing. Finally, there are services aimed at personal growth, or enhancement of the quality of life, such as recreation, education, and arts programs."

 Example 2: Eligibility-based and developmental services.  Some human services are available only after people meet a set of rigorous eligibility criteria. A detailed investigative process analyzes a person's specific situation to establish need and eligibility for services. The assessment may be quite extensive and require the submission of rent and medical bills; bank books and Internal Revenue Service forms; and explanations for the causes of crises such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and divorce. Often the person is then stigmatized by the negative public sentiment directed toward the service. Examples include certain forms of financial support, such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children.  Developmental human services meet the normal living needs of average people facing ordinary circumstances without subjecting people to rigorous investigations in which they have to "prove" their worth and eligibility. Examples of developmental human services include public education, day care, and providing financial benefits to the elderly solely on the basis of age.

 Example 3: Direct and indirect services.  Human services can be direct or indirect. Direct human services are concerned with the immediate welfare of individuals or groups. They are intended to deal with specific problems or to meet well-defined needs of recipients. A service is direct as long as it is intended to benefit the recipient individual or group immediately. Examples of direct services are family counseling and health care.  Indirect human services are more concerned with improving the general social welfare, and the well-being of individual recipients is incidental. For example, incarcerating convicted criminals may or may not benefit them, but it is usually justified in terms of reducing the incidence of crime and improving public safety. Many services are both direct and indirect (e.g., education benefits the individual and society). Whether a specific service is direct or indirect depends on the immediacy of the delivery of goods and services, the intentions of the providers, and the justifications offered for the service.

 sick  dependent  generally self-reliant and able to make decisions  capable of taking initiative to make Improvements?  Capable only of simply surviving  buyers, of services who are informed about what they are purchasing, concerned about prices, and desirous of the highest quality for the least cost?  entitled by law to the services?  Partners in a transaction with use the workers or partners  objects or raw materials on which we act?  persons under our protection—as a lawyer protects his client- on whose behalf :we advocate?  passive  Are these different perceptions linked to the language we use to label people? If you on someone a do you treat her as self-reliant?  If you label someone as a patient do you also view him as a valued consumer who should get the quality service has an interest in the costs Of that service?

Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from >Pennsylvania (Mr. Foglietta). Mr. FOGLIETTA. I thank the gentleman for yielding me the time. I would like to have permission to be a little bit more general in my approach to the discussion today. There has been lots of talk today and in the last couple of days about the block grant approach as was quoted by our gentlewoman from New Jersey as being the proper way to administer these programs for the unfortunate and the poor.

 Let me tell Members about a community in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who had that option on a local level. This community had a substantial number of poor people living below the poverty line, but this community decided not to accept the School Lunch Program. Instead, I will tell you what they did. This community established a sharing table.

 They established a sharing table, a table in the middle of the lunchroom where the more affluent children would come in. If they did not finish their sandwiches, if they did not finish their cokes, they would leave what was left over on the sharing table for the poorer children. So that they could come in and eat the scraps of the sandwiches and what was left over of the sodas.

 Could you think of anything more dehumanizing? Could you think of anything more destructive of self-esteem, of self-pride, and of self-worth than that kind of a program? There may be many things wrong with these programs, and we should be fixing them, and we should be correcting them. But sending them back to the States is not the answer.