Role of Vaccination in Control of BVDV Dan Grooms DVM, Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine 2004 NCBA Cattleman’s College

Goal For The Day Type of BVDV vaccines available Role of vaccines in BVDV control

Seventh Edition of Compendium of Veterinary Products 147 BVDV vaccine combinations available

Types of BVDV Vaccines Killed or inactivated Modified-live or attenuated

Killed BVDV Vaccines Advantages –Generally safer Dead virus Pregnant cows –Handling More stable Can use over time if handled correctly Disadvantages –Protection not as good Duration Breadth –Immune response different than live virus –More expensive Triangle 10 ds = $11.85 Pyramid 10 ds = $ 9.69

Modified-Live BVDV Vaccines Advantages –Generally better protection Duration Breadth –Immune response more closely mimics natural exposure –Cheaper Express 10 ds = $ 8.59 Elite 10 ds = $10.65 Disadvantages –Safety Live replicating organism Potential for transmission Potential for mutation Potential of fetal infection –Handling Susceptible to inactivation Must use once mixed

Type of Virus in The Vaccine 1 a & b 2 2 1a 1b Continuum of Antigenicity

Chart of MLV BVDV Vaccines CompanyNameType 1Type 2 PfizerBovishieldNADL (1a) Bovishield GoldNADL (1a)296 (?) Ft. DodgePyramidSinger (1a) ScheringJencineWRL (1a)Noncytopathic NovartisArsenal 4.1XX Intervet/AgrilabTitaniumC24V (1a)296 BiocorHerd VacSinger (1a) MerialReliantNADL (1a) BoehringerExpressSinger (1a)296 Not complete

Chart of Killed BVDV Vaccines CompanyNameType 1Type 2 PfizerCattlemaster5960 & 6309 (1a) Ft. DodgeTriangleSinger (1a)5912 PrismXX Intervet/AgrilabsMaster GuardC24V (1a)296 NovartisVira ShieldKY22 (1a)TN131 BiocorSurroundSinger (1a) & NY1 (1b) MerialRespishieldNADL (1a) BoehringerEliteSinger (1a) Not complete

Type of Vaccine Animal Use Location Economics Time of Year Exposure Management Contraindications IN/SQ/IM Considerations

Normal “ “Weak Calf” Syndrome Congenital Defects Abortions Normal Poor Performance I Immunosuppression Mucosal Disease Diarrhea Acute Death Immunosuppression Thrombocytopenia Subclinical Infection Sheep Pigs Deer? Persistent Infection Fetal Infection Acute Infection BRD

Normal “ “Weak Calf” Syndrome Congenital Defects Abortions Normal Poor Performance I Immunosuppression Mucosal Disease Diarrhea Acute Death Immunosuppression Thrombocytopenia Subclinical Infection Sheep Pigs Deer? Persistent Infection Fetal Infection Acute Infection BRD

Fetal Protection Against BVDV Study Vaccine Virus Challenge Virus Vaccinates* Controls* Percent Protected Mclurkin et al 1975Killed 1CP 112/140/586% Harkness et al 1985Killed9 CP 17/110/1164% Meyling et al 1987Killed 1 CP 1 3 NCP 1 2/80/525% Cortese et al 1998MLV 1NCP 110/120/1083% Brock et al 2001MLV 1NCP 211/190/658% Zimmer et al 2002 Killed CP and NCP 3 NCP 17/90/1578% Zimmer et al 2002 Killed CP and NCP 3 NCP 15/150/1533% Patel et al 2002Killed CP1NCP 19/110/781% Dean et al 2003MLV 1NCP 125/270/1392% * Protected/Challenged

HerdVaccine Calf Mortality BVDV Virus Isolated AMLV 111.6%2 BMLV 111.2%2 CMLV 1~25%2 Van Campen JVDI 2000;12:263

BVDV Vaccination and Fetal Protection Point #1 Vaccination for BVDV is not 100%!! Combine with biosecurity and PI management

Antigenic Diversity 2 1a 1b Does a vaccine containing type 1 BVDV protect against a type 2 BVDV challenge (or vice versa)???????

Type 2 Challenge Type 1 Challenge 10 Normal2 PI’s8 PI’s11 Normal 83% Protection58% Protection MLV Type 1 Vaccine Day 75 Gestation Cortese et al AJVR 1998;59:1409Brock et al Vet Thera 2001;2:354 Control 100% PI’s Control

BVDV Vaccination and Fetal Protection Point #1 Vaccination for BVDV is not 100%!! Combine with biosecurity and PI management It is desirable to provide broad protection against antigenic diversity of BVDV Point #2

Timing of BVDV Vaccine to Maximize Fetal Protection

EED Abortion Month Immunotolerance-PI’s Congenital Defects Normal/Abnormal Seropositive InfertilityInfertility Time line of BVDV effects on Bovine Reproduction

BVDV Vaccination and Fetal Protection Point #1 Vaccination for BVDV is not 100%!! Combine with biosecurity and PI management It is desirable to provide broad protection against antigenic diversity of BVDV Point #2 Point #3 Timing of vaccination should maximize immunity in early pregnancy

Normal “ “Weak Calf” Syndrome Congenital Defects Abortions Normal Poor Performance I Immunosuppression Mucosal Disease Diarrhea Acute Death Immunosuppression Thrombocytopenia Subclinical Infection Sheep Pigs Deer? Persistent Infection Fetal Infection Acute Infection BRD

Protection Against Acute BVDV Disease Most experimental studies show good protection against acute disease. Most studies show protection when vaccine virus and challenge virus are different (type 1 vaccine, type 2 challenge). No real good large scale field trials looking at vaccine efficacy.

Performance Of Feedlot Cattle Exposed To Animals Persistently Infected With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus D.L. Grooms and K.V. Brock

Vaccine Effect on Feedlot Calf Performance

$6 Vaccine Effect on Feedlot Calf Performance

BVDV Vaccination and Acute Infection Point #1 Protection requirements may not be as stringent as for fetal protection …reasonable cross protection

Vaccine Effect on Feedlot Calf Performance

BVDV Vaccination and Acute Infection Point #1 Protection requirements may not be as stringent as for fetal protection …reasonable cross protection Point #2 Vaccination for BVDV is not 100%!! Combine with biosecurity and PI management

Control and Prevention of BVDV 1.Biosecurity 2.Seek and Destroy PI’s 3.Vaccination Program –Strategic in Timing –Broad Protection Against Virus Diversity

Dan Grooms DVM Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine