LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY

READINGS Smith, Democracy, chs Modern Latin America, ch. 4 (Central America) CR #2: Smith, “The People’s Verdict” NB: Optional paper due May 25

OUTLINE Social Equity –Workers –Women –Indigenous Peoples Illiberal Democracy –Press Freedom –Citizen Rights

Table 9-1. Employment and Wages in Latin America, Unemployment (%) Real Wages (1980=100) Real Minimum Wage (1980 = 100)

Table 9-2. Women in Latin American Legislatures, 1990 and 2000 ______Women (as % total)*_____ Country__________1990______2000___ Argentina 5 27 Bolivia 9 12 Brazil 5 6 Chile 6 11 Colombia 9 12 Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ecuador 7 15 El Salvador Guatemala 7 9 Honduras -- 9 Mexico Nicaragua Panama 8 10 Paraguay 4 3 Peru 6 20 Uruguay 6 12 Venezuela 10 10

Women Presidents Generation I: Widows –Isabel Martínez de Perón (Argentina) –Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (Nicaragua) –Mireya Moscoso (Panama) Generation II: Self-Made Politicians –Michelle Bachelet (Chile) –Laura Chinchilla (Costa Rica) –Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (Argentina) –Dilma Rousseff (Brazil)

Indigenous Peoples Bolivia: Party Politics (and Evo Morales!) Ecuador: Social Movements Guatemala: Political Redemption? Peru: Silence and Sendero Luminoso Mexico: Zapatista Uprising

DETECTING ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY

The Rise of Electoral Democracy,

Journalists Killed in Latin America, Country___ __ N Killings__ Colombia 36 Peru12 Mexico10 Brazil 8 Haiti 4 Argentina 3 Guatemala 3 Venezuela 2 Chile 1 Dominican Republic 1 Honduras 1 Paraguay 1 Total82 Source: Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press in 1999 (New York: CPJ, 2000), 23.

Table Electoral Regimes and Freedom of the Press, 1990s _________________Regime____________________ Press____AutocracySemi-Democracy Democracy Not Free Partly Free Free Totals

THE CONCEPT OF ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY Distinct Dimensions of Democracy: Free and Fair Elections Citizen Rights Systematic Curtailment of Citizen Rights Connection to “Delegative Democracy” (see p. 13)

FH scores of 1-2 = Extensive FH scores of 3-4 = Partial FH scores of 5-7 = Minimal CLASSIFYING CITIZEN RIGHTS (Freedom House scales for “Civil Liberties”)

Table 1. Democracy, Elections, and Citizen Rights: A Typology Citizen RightsCharacter of Elections Free and FairFree not FairNone ExpansiveLiberal DemocracyLiberal/Permissive Semidemocracy (Null) LimitedIlliberal Democracy Illiberal/Restrictive Semidemocracy Moderate Dictablanda Minimal(Null)Repressive Semidemocracy Hard-Line Dictadura

Rights and Freedoms ExtensiveLiberal Democracy PartialTraditional Autocracy (Dictablanda) Illiberal Democracy MinimalHard-Line Autocracy (Dictadura) AutocracySemi-DemocracyDemocracy Elections Elections, Rights, and Political Regimes

Liberal and Illiberal Democracy,

________________Regime___________________ Civil Liberties___AutocracySemi-DemocracyDemocracy Minimal Partial Extensive Totals

_________________Regime_________________ Civil Liberties___AutocracySemi-DemocracyDemocracy Minimal Partial Extensive Totals

Political Regimes in 1999: Countries and Population N % Regime Type_____Countries__ __Population__ Liberal Democracy 3<5 Illiberal Democracy Illiberal Semi-Democracy 5 33 Autocracy 1 2

Why Illiberal Democracy? Protection of elite interests Control of popular masses Under rubric of free and fair elections

SO WHAT? CYCLES OF MASS POLITICS –Unfettered and “dangerous” democracy (e.g., reformists + Allende) [1950s-] –Military coups and authoritarian regimes [1960s-] –Democracy contained [1980s-]: Neoliberal economics, Washington consensus Institutional constraints (e.g. MRO) Illiberal democracy –Rise of the “new Left” [1990s-]

The End