Peace Research Institute Oslo Independent  International  Interdisciplinary Migration and Development, European Migration Network Conference, Oslo, 18 June 2012 Remittances between integration, transnationalism and development Jørgen Carling

Peace Research Institute Oslo Independent  International  Interdisciplinary … research on the conditions for peaceful relations between states, groups and people

Peace Research Institute Oslo Independent  International  Interdisciplinary Migration and transnationalism Peace and conflict Theoretical and applied … research on the conditions for peaceful relations between states, groups and people

4 Jørgen Carling Research Professor Marta Bivand Erdal Senior Researcher Cindy Horst Senior Researcher Associated researchers and assistants Remittances from Immigrants in Norway Research Council of Norway 2007  2012

5 Remittances from Immigrants in Norway Research Council of Norway 2007  2012 Multi-method Comparative Two case studies Survey data

6 Remittances from Immigrants in Norway Research Council of Norway 2007  2012

7 Remittances INTEGRATION TRANSNATIONALISM DEVELOPMENT Remittances Remittances from Immigrants in Norway Research Council of Norway 2007  2012

8 INTEGRATION TRANSNATIONALISM DEVELOPMENT Norway Pakistan Remittances

9 Remittances and transnationalism TRANSNATIONALISM Transnational practice Senders and receivers Moral dimensions Change over time Social remittances?

Remittances and integration 10 INTEGRATION Norway Suspicion Transfer mechanisms Do ‘good’ immigrants remit?

Remittances and development Stunning facts Overwhelming complexities Hope and enthusiasm 11 DEVELOPMENT Pakistan International Migration Migration and Development

Migration and development Win Recruitment Remittances Return 12

13 INTEGRATION TRANSNATIONALISM DEVELOPMENT Norway Pakistan Remittances

14 Who remits? Attachment to the country of origin Attachment to Norway Financial situation and employment Individual characte- ristics Country of origin

Survey data 15 Attachment to the country of origin Attachment to Norway Financial situation and employment Individual characte- ristics Country of origin Remittance- sending Has parent(s) in country of origin Has partner/spouse abroad Owns property in country of origin Has visited/received visits Expects to return Has parent(s) in country of origin Has partner/spouse abroad Owns property in country of origin Has visited/received visits Expects to return Has not experienced discrimination Has good Norwegian-language skills Feels connected to Norway Has not experienced discrimination Has good Norwegian-language skills Feels connected to Norway Age Proportion of life lived in Norway Gender Age Proportion of life lived in Norway Gender Sends remittances at least once per year (yes/no) Difficulties with regular expenses Difficulty with unexpected expenses Labour market position Difficulties with regular expenses Difficulty with unexpected expenses Labour market position

Survey data 16 Attachment to the country of origin Attachment to Norway Financial situation and employment Individual characte- ristics Country of origin Remittance- sending

Survey data 17 Attachment to the country of origin Attachment to Norway Financial situation and employment Individual characte- ristics Country of origin Remittance- sending Separate analyses for Pakistanis and Somalis

Survey data 18 Attachment to the country of origin Attachment to Norway Financial situation and employment Individual characte- ristics Remittance- sending

Financial situation and employment Somalis – Household finances – Labour market status – Social obligations – Urgent needs Pakistanis – Household finances – Labour market status – Perceived affordability – Tradition and culture 19 Carling, J., Erdal, M.B. and Horst, C. (2012) ‘How does conflict in migrants’ country of origin affect remittance-sending? Financial priorities and transnational obligations among Somalis and Pakistanis in Norway.’ International Migration Review, 46(2).

Conclusions Connections: integration  transnationalism  development Remittances: lens on connections Migration and development: beyond the pendulum? 20

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