Criminal Investigation CJUS 201 Fingerprints Part 12

Fingerprints 1. Friction ridge skin - hands: fingers, palms - feet: toes, soles, heels a. Side opposite fingernail: “bulb” - friction ridge outlines - friction ridge outlines b. Two layers of skin - inner / outer - inner / outer (1) Epidermis (1) Epidermis

Prints, cont. - contains ridges - 2 mm thick (2) Dermis (2) Dermis - demal papillar - origination - scars / disease c. Uses (1) Friction ridges (1) Friction ridges

Prints, cont. - leaves impression - body secretions - material touched (2) Identification (2) Identification - permanent / individual - permanent / individual - form on fetus (3) Hands / feet means to ID (3) Hands / feet means to ID - fingers routinely used

Prints, cont. 2. Prints - exact impression / image a. Most common means a. Most common means - perspiration - perspiration - 99% water - 99% water (1) Oils / chemicals (1) Oils / chemicals - 1% amino acids / salts - 1% amino acids / salts (2) Outside contaminants (2) Outside contaminants

Prints, cont. b. Types of surface (1) Nonporous (1) Nonporous - most productive - most productive (2) Porous (2) Porous - chemical treatment - chemical treatment (3) Plastic (3) Plastic - photograph - photograph - cannot be developed - cannot be developed

Prints, cont. c. Impression - friction ridges - friction ridges - inside of fingers - inside of fingers (1) Transferred (1) Transferred - deposit of perspiration (2) Duplicated (2) Duplicated - by this - other substances

Prints, cont. 3. Files maintained - sole purpose a. Arrest - WASIC - WASIC - NCIC - NCIC b. State requirements - employment - employment - driver’s license - driver’s license - certificates - certificates

Prints, cont. c. Professional license - health care - health care - construction - construction - accounting - accounting - education - education d. Military service - enlisted / civilian - enlisted / civilian 4. Types of prints - visible / latent / plastic

Types, cont. a. Latent prints - law enforcement - law enforcement - crime scene - crime scene (1) Process (1) Process - detecting / raising / lifting (2) Term (2) Term - invisible - fingertips - secretions / contaminants - secretions / contaminants

Types, cont. b. Two sources of materials - natural / environmental - natural / environmental (1) Natural (1) Natural - perspiration - body residue (acids / fats / salts) (2) Environmental (2) Environmental - foreign matter - dust / soot / pollen / cooking oils

Types, cont. c. Personal factors - print left or not - print left or not (1) Physiology (1) Physiology - perspire? (2) Surface type (2) Surface type - suitable - unpainted wood / paper / textured - glass / enamel / metal / glossy

Types, cont. (3) Pressure (3) Pressure - firm / not heavy - ridges light - distort detail 5. Fingerprint classification - three primary patterns (types) a. Arch - ridges enter one side - ridges enter one side - rise / curve in center - rise / curve in center

Classification, cont. - flow out opposite side - flow out opposite side (1) Plain / tinted (1) Plain / tinted (2) 5% – 10% (2) 5% – 10% b. Loop - enter on either side - enter on either side - make loop - make loop - flow out opposite side - flow out opposite side - same side - same side

Classification, cont. (1) Plain / double loop / central pocket loop / accidental (1) Plain / double loop / central pocket loop / accidental (2) 60% - 65% (2) 60% - 65% c. Whorl - enter on both sides - enter on both sides - form circle - form circle - flow out opposite side - flow out opposite side (1) 25% - 30% (1) 25% - 30%

Classification, cont. 6. Fingerprint patterns - used to classify - not individualize a. Counted: core to delta - points of distinction - points of distinction - necessary for ID - necessary for ID (1) France = 17 (1) France = 17 (2) England = 16 (2) England = 16

Patterns, cont. (3) Spain = 10 to 12 (3) Spain = 10 to 12 (4) United States = 12 (4) United States = 12 (5) Washington State = 12 (5) Washington State = 12 b. Evidentiary value - crime scene - crime scene - victim - victim - person identified - person identified

Patterns, cont. 7. Methods of classifying - mathematical formula - shapes / position / size a. Characteristics - unique properties in ridge detail - unique properties in ridge detail - different from each other - different from each other - different from one another - different from one another b. Types - ending ridge - ending ridge

Methods, cont. - bifurcation - bifurcation - dot - dot - short ridge - short ridge - island (enclosure) - island (enclosure) c. FBI: catalog of prints - NCIC - NCIC (1) Taken in US (1) Taken in US (2) Vary: state to state (2) Vary: state to state

Methods, cont. d. Collection: two purposes - evidence of patterns - evidence of patterns - positive identification - positive identification 8. Lifting of fingerprints a. Dusting - specific steps - specific steps (1) Brush is clean (1) Brush is clean

Lifting, cont. - roll handle - roll handle (2) Shake powder (2) Shake powder - loosen (3) Apply lightly (3) Apply lightly - follow contour lines (4) Remove excess (4) Remove excess (5) Photograph (5) Photograph

Lifting, cont. b. Lifting - commercial lift card - commercial lift card (1) White / black background (1) White / black background - color of powder - rubber lifter (2) Transparent tape (2) Transparent tape - different sizes - palm size

Lifting, cont. c. Transfer to card - identification - identification 9. Chemical development - paper / cardboard / unpainted wood a. Iodine method - crystal fumes - crystal fumes - absorbed by oils - absorbed by oils - yellowish/brown print (fade) - yellowish/brown print (fade) - will fade / photograph immediately - will fade / photograph immediately

Development, cont. b. Ninhydrin - organic chemical - organic chemical - amino acids / protein - amino acids / protein (1) Kept 2 hours: room temperature (1) Kept 2 hours: room temperature - 1 to 3 days to fully develop (2) Purple-colored print (2) Purple-colored print - photograph immediately c. Silver nitrate

Development, cont. - sodium chloride - sodium chloride - perspiration - perspiration - organic material - organic material (1) Reddish-brown (1) Reddish-brown - disappear 2 hours (2) Ultra-violet light (2) Ultra-violet light - photograph immediately d. Cyanoacrylate fuming

Development, cont. - esters / resins - esters / resins - “super glue” - “super glue” (1) Fuming chambers (1) Fuming chambers - vehicles - pads opened / placed (2) Non-porous surfaces (2) Non-porous surfaces - photographed - dusted - alter other biological evidence

Development, cont. e. Radiation - raises prints - raises prints (1) Ultraviolet rays (1) Ultraviolet rays - shows prints - shows prints - dusted - dusted (2) Laser (2) Laser - vitamins in perspiration - skin / paper products

Fingerprint Systems 1. AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification Sys. a. Technicians - digitize information - digitize information - inkless prints - inkless prints - scanned - scanned - electronic image - electronic image - stored in data base - stored in data base - access: NCIS / WASIC - access: NCIS / WASIC

Systems, cont. b. Suspect print - classified (arch / loop / whorl / etc.) - classified (arch / loop / whorl / etc.) - 12 matching characteristics - 12 matching characteristics - data base computer - data base computer (1) Produce comparisons (1) Produce comparisons - several matches - technician examines (2) Scan 1 million in 4.5 minutes (2) Scan 1 million in 4.5 minutes

Systems, cont. 2. Assessing surface - three types a. Non-Porous - glass / plastic / polished metal - glass / plastic / polished metal - finished wood / processes paper - finished wood / processes paper (1) Textured (1) Textured - photograph (2) Smooth (2) Smooth

Surface, cont. (3) Curvature (3) Curvature b. Porous - paper / wood / some painted surfaces - paper / wood / some painted surfaces (1) Chemical (1) Chemical - photograph (2) Fluoresce (2) Fluoresce - photograph

Surface, cont. c. Plastic - putty / plastics / adhesives - putty / plastics / adhesives - paint (semi-hardened) / plaster - paint (semi-hardened) / plaster (1) Photograph (1) Photograph 3. Rolling prints - from ‘V’ outward a. Right hand - thumb = 1 - thumb = 1

Rolling, cont. - index = 2 - index = 2 - middle = 3 - middle = 3 - ring = 4 - ring = 4 - little = 5 - little = 5 b. Left hand - thumb = 6 - thumb = 6 - index = 7 - index = 7 - middle = 8 - middle = 8 - ring = 9 - ring = 9 - little = 10 - little = 10