Chapter Two A Living Planet

Section One: The Earth Inside & Out The Solar System consists of 8 planets the sun other celestial bodies Continental Drift Theory Alfred Wegner said the continents slowly drifted apart through millions of years Pangaea: supercontinent

The Earth’s Interior Core Inner Outer Mantle Crust

On and Above the Earth Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere

Section Two: Bodies of Water & Landforms Oceans & Seas One interconnected body of water Covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface Regulates temperatures Divided into… Atlantic Arctic Pacific Indian *Southern

Bodies of Water Ocean motion Hydrologic Cycle Currents Waves – wind Tides – gravitational pull Hydrologic Cycle Draw and label the diagram

Landforms on pages 34-35

Section Three: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Tectonic Plates – enormous pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere

Plate Movement Movement Types Boundary Types (faults) Spreading Sub-duction Collision Sliding (shearing) Boundary Types (faults) Divergent Convergent Transform

Earthquakes From transform boundaries (sliding) Faults – Fractures in the crust Epicenter- point above the focus Seismograph – measures the size of waves produced Create Tsunamis when the epicenter is on the ocean floor

Volcanoes From divergent or convergent boundaries Magma – below the surface Lava – above the surface Ring of Fire: thousands of active volcanoes that surround the Pacific plate

Section Four: External Forces Weathering Mechanical – physical breakdown Chemical – new substance formed (rust) Erosion – from weathering Water Wind Loess – wind blown silt and clay sediment Gravity Glacial – glaciers are formed by compacted snow layers

Soil Forming Factors Parent material – original rock Relief - elevation Organisms – loosen the soil Climate Time to produce Weathering and Erosion help form soil Organic material (humus) helps productivity (fertilizes)