Varying a Theme: Parallel Structure, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epistrophe.

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Presentation transcript:

Varying a Theme: Parallel Structure, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epistrophe

Parallel Structure: Two or more words, phrases, or clauses that are similar in length and grammatical form Let every nation know, whether it wishes us good or ill, that we shall Let every nation know, whether it wishes us good or ill, that we shall oppose any foe support any friend meet any hardship pay any price bear any burden in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty. in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty. “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” ~John F. Kennedy

and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention that is some books are to be read only in parts some books are to be read only in parts others to be read, but not curiously others to be read, but not curiously and some few to be chewed and digested Some books are to be tasted others to be swallowed Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. ~Francis Bacon (Can you find the double parallel?) Parallel Structure:

"Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind.” ~John F. Kennedy Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind. a figure of speech in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form. (inverted parallelism) Chiasmus: America did not invent human rights. Human rights invented America. "America did not invent human rights. In a very real sense, it is the other way round. Human rights invented America.” ~Jimmy Carter

AnaphoraEpistrophe Beginning a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words. Ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words. “She was not quite what you would call refined. She was not quite what you would call unrefined. She was the kind of person that keeps a parrot.” ~Mark Twain “Love bears all things, hopes all things, believes all things, endures all things.” ~1 Corinthians