1 Flight Ops dept Capt Cor Blokzijl, DFO Mandala Airlines WATS, Orlando, 27 April 2010 The Impact of automation on Pilot Training

2 Flight Ops dept Statement : Aircraft do seldom fall out of the sky due to a system or engine failure. Accidents involve a long chain of events before matters really go dramatically wrong. It is much more the complex systems and the man-machine interface (and dialogue), which are the starting point of matters going wrong, mainly because pilots are faced with situations which are difficult to comprehend or to understand.

3 Flight Ops dept Question : ”Should our pilot training, especially our recurrent training, be focussed on this comprehending and understanding?”

4 Flight Ops dept Background : Flight training = teaching psychomotoric skills (RAF AP-129) Increased technology = added technical knowledge Highly Automated Cockpit is more cognitive challenge HAC needs man-machine-interface + man-machine-dialogue Cognitive adjustment is needed Focus on comprehend and understand M-M-I & M-M-D

5 Flight Ops dept Tools for training : Training tools: Documentation hard/soft Classroom training/interactive, on line modules Films, ppt’s, VACBI, etc. System trainers FFS

6 Flight Ops dept Effects of training tools : Time wise limited Has to be rehearsed regular Recurrent training = repeating items from original training

7 Flight Ops dept Exposure training : E xposed to a scenario = experienced the scenario B urned your fingers once = always remembered C hances to find useful information when needed is higher being exposed than learning in class, VACBI or sim exercise C reate events which happened world wide (SR111, AF 447)

8 Flight Ops dept Exposure training: Training tools not necessarily related to daily flying (ESSAI) Do not require knowledge but understanding By scenario teach system failures and the influence on the system interface What does the pilot expect to see, what if this is not the case?

9 Flight Ops dept What do we train: Initial training: Systems & system knowledge Operating these systems in normal, ab-normal & emergency conditions System interface Line-training

10 Flight Ops dept What do we train: Recurrent training: Repetition of exercises Required performance by regulating authorities Minimum 5 “ab-normals “ or failures Minimum 3 emergencies Typical one day LOFT and one day skill test

11 Flight Ops dept Conventional training: Risk of conventional training in HAC: Training skills related to single event Training skills in isolated manner Training skills for a combination of other skills which: - very unlikely combination - not become relevant at same moment

12 Flight Ops dept Exposure training: Which events, incidents or accidents happened in last year? Examples: Hudson river Sao Paulo Jamaica Toronto AF 447

13 Flight Ops dept Exposure training: Exposure training is also Mind-map training Mind-map is the behavioural strategy for DM, TM and SA Mind-map training: Experience (exposure) Training cognitive skills in operational situations Training to understanding i.s.o knowledge per se System understanding major factor in TM and SA

14 Flight Ops dept Conclusion: Exposure training enhances : Situation Awareness Understanding System Interface Understanding of dynamic of system failures Understanding of fleet accidents & incidents world wide Problem/situation recognition

15 Flight Ops dept Any Questions?

16 Flight Ops dept Feedback: Any feedback to: