1 SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW SOME ROCK BREAKDOWN, DETERIORATES,DECOMPOSES TO BECOME SOIL

2 SOME ROCK BREAKDOWN, DETERIORATES,DECOMPOSES TO BECOME SOIL METAMORPHIC ROCK RESULTS FROM IGNEOUS OR SEDIMENTARY ROCK UNDERGOING CHANGE, GENERALLY TO A HARDER, STRONGER STATE

3 SOIL DEPOSITS RESIDUAL DEPOSITS: REMAINS IN PLACE AT LOCATION FORMED DEPOSITS FROM TRANSPORTED SOILS: Soil materials transported, then deposited to create new soil formation

4

5 SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW METAMORPHIC ROCK RESULTS FROM IGNEOUS OR SEDIMENTARY ROCK UNDERGOING CHANGE, GENERALLY TO A HARDER, STRONGER STATE

6

7

8 BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS RESIDUAL.VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT)

9 SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW

10 COURSE OVERVIEW SOILS (1ST HALF OF COURSE) GEOLOGY ‑ ORIGIN OF SOILS PROPERTIES OF SOILS ITS PARAMETER ITS BEHAVIOR OTHER ASPECTS EARTHWORKS (2ND HALF OF COURSE) CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS - ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL AGRICULTURAL NOTE: MAIN FOCUS IS GEOTECHINCAL APPLICATIONS

11 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH IT CONSIST OF ROCKS SOIL WATER DEFINITIONS Rocks ‑ minerals bonded by strong attractive forces Soils ‑ are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock ROCKS ‑ IGNEOUS - SEDIMENTARY - METAMORPHIC

12 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS ‑ COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY ‑ ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED OR STRATIFIED APPEARANCE I.E. SHALE IS A HARDENING OF CLAYS AND SILTS (GOOD FOUNDATION MATERIAL)

13 METAMORPHIC ‑ EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCHIST IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS) WEATHERING FOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT ‑ SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA NOTE: THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED WITH STRENGTH, THE DRILLING, BLASTING, EXCAVATION, AND USE IN CONCRETE, ETC, INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.)

14 RESIDUAL SOILS (DUE TO WEATHERING) REMAIN IN THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN I.E. ORGANIC SOILS -COAL OR PEAT *I.E. BORING LOGS REVEAL THE HISTORY OF SOIL FORMATIONS (SAMPLE SOIL FORMATION) EXAMPLE #1 TOPSOIL(ORGANICS)---GROUND SURFACE LOAM(SANDY CLAY) SANDS-ALTERED MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION (I.E. M/F SAND, C/M SAND ARE HIGHLY WEATHERED) DECOMPOSED ROCK ROCK EXAMPLE #2 ASPHALT GROUND SURFACE FILL BOG SILT AND CLAY SAND RESIDUAL.VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS

15 TRANSPORTED SOILS(GRAVITY AND WTND) DEFINITION: AEOLIAN DEPOSITS ARE WIND TRANSPORTED SOILS I.E. LOESS ‑ IS A WIND ‑ BLOWN SILT THAT HAS CEMENTED. IT IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND A SHARP NATURAL SLOPE (PG.11 TEXT) (I.E. MISS_ RIVER) GLACIAL MATERIAL REFER TO PG.14,FIGURE 1-6 NOTE: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BORE THROUGH GLACIAL TILL AND OVERBURDEN MATERIAL RIVER DEPOSITS ‑ RIVER DEPOSITED SOILS ARE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS I.E. ‑ MEANDERING RIVERS ARE AGING RIVERS AND THEY LEAVE SOIL DEPOSITS THAT EVENTUALLY FORM LAKES RESIDUAL.VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT)

16 BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS RESIDUAL.VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT)

17 SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW

18 COURSE OVERVIEW SOILS (1ST HALF OF COURSE) GEOLOGY ‑ ORIGIN OF SOILS PROPERTIES OF SOILS ITS PARAMETER ITS BEHAVIOR OTHER ASPECTS EARTHWORKS (2ND HALF OF COURSE) CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS - ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL AGRICULTURAL NOTE: MAIN FOCUS IS GEOTECHINCAL APPLICATIONS

19 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH IT CONSIST OF ROCKS SOIL WATER DEFINITIONS Rocks ‑ minerals bonded by strong attractive forces Soils ‑ are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock ROCKS ‑ IGNEOUS - SEDIMENTARY - METAMORPHIC

20 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS ‑ COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY ‑ ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED OR STRATIFIED APPEARANCE I.E. SHALE IS A HARDENING OF CLAYS AND SILTS (GOOD FOUNDATION MATERIAL)

21 METAMORPHIC ‑ EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCHIST IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS) WEATHERING FOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT ‑ SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA NOTE: THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED WITH STRENGTH, THE DRILLING, BLASTING, EXCAVATION, AND USE IN CONCRETE, ETC, INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.)

22 RESIDUAL SOILS (DUE TO WEATHERING) REMAIN IN THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN I.E. ORGANIC SOILS -COAL OR PEAT *I.E. BORING LOGS REVEAL THE HISTORY OF SOIL FORMATIONS (SAMPLE SOIL FORMATION) EXAMPLE #1 TOPSOIL(ORGANICS)---GROUND SURFACE LOAM(SANDY CLAY) SANDS-ALTERED MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION (I.E. M/F SAND, C/M SAND ARE HIGHLY WEATHERED) DECOMPOSED ROCK ROCK EXAMPLE #2 ASPHALT GROUND SURFACE FILL BOG SILT AND CLAY SAND RESIDUAL.VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS

23 TRANSPORTED SOILS(GRAVITY AND WTND) DEFINITION: AEOLIAN DEPOSITS ARE WIND TRANSPORTED SOILS I.E. LOESS ‑ IS A WIND ‑ BLOWN SILT THAT HAS CEMENTED. IT IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND A SHARP NATURAL SLOPE (PG.11 TEXT) (I.E. MISS_ RIVER) GLACIAL MATERIAL REFER TO PG.14,FIGURE 1-6 NOTE: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BORE THROUGH GLACIAL TILL AND OVERBURDEN MATERIAL RIVER DEPOSITS ‑ RIVER DEPOSITED SOILS ARE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS I.E. ‑ MEANDERING RIVERS ARE AGING RIVERS AND THEY LEAVE SOIL DEPOSITS THAT EVENTUALLY FORM LAKES RESIDUAL.VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT)

24 BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS RESIDUAL.VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT)

25 SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW