Martin Vacek Filozofický Ústav Slovenská Akadémia Vied Školite ľ : Prof. Marián Zouhar, PhD. 14/01/2013

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Presentation transcript:

Martin Vacek Filozofický Ústav Slovenská Akadémia Vied Školite ľ : Prof. Marián Zouhar, PhD. 14/01/2013

Analýza modálnych termínov v nemodálnych termínoch.

Je možné, že P iff existuje (aspo ň jeden) možný svet, w, taký, že vo w, P Je nevyhnutné, že P iff pre každý svet, w, platí, že vo w, P

Č o sú možné svety?

Možný svet je: a) maximálna konzistentná množina propozícií b) maximálna konzistentná množina viet c) maximálny stav vecí d) vlastnos ť univerza e) maximálna suma indivíduí f)...

Možný svet je: a) maximálna konzistentná množina propozícií b) maximálna konzistentná množina viet c) maximálny stav vecí d) vlastnos ť univerza e) maximálna suma indivíduí f)...

Možný svet je: a) maximálna konzistentná množina propozícií b) maximálna konzistentná množina viet c) maximálny stav vecí d) vlastnos ť univerza e) maximálna suma indivíduí f)...

Možný svet je: a) maximálna konzistentná množina propozícií b) maximálna konzistentná množina viet c) maximálny stav vecí d) vlastnos ť univerza e) maximálna suma indivíduí f)...

Možný svet je: a) maximálna konzistentná množina propozícií b) maximálna konzistentná množina viet c) maximálny stav vecí d) vlastnos ť univerza e) maximálna suma indivíduí (David Lewis) f)...

Ako vieme, že existujú možné svety?

 Modálne výroky  Kontrafaktuálne kondicionály  Vlastnosti  Propozície  Viery

 Modálne výroky  Kontrafaktuálne kondicionály  Vlastnosti  Propozície  Viery

 Modálne výroky  Kontrafaktuálne kondicionály  Vlastnosti  Propozície  Viery

 Modálne výroky  Kontrafaktuálne kondicionály  Vlastnosti  Propozície  Viery

 Modálne výroky  Kontrafaktuálne kondicionály  Vlastnosti  Propozície  Viery

Matematika Set theory offers the mathematician great economy of primitives and premises, in return for accepting rather a lot of entities unknown to Homo javanensis. It offers an improvement in what Quine calls ideology, paid for in the coin of ontology. It's an offer you can't refuse. The price is right; the benefits in theoretical unity and economy are well worth the entities. Philosophers might like to see the subject reconstructed or reconstrued; but working mathematicians insist on pursuing their subject in paradise, and will not be driven out. Their thesis of plurality of sets is fruitful; that gives them good reason to believe that it is true.

To, že dokážeme zmysluplne formulova ť matematické výroky nám ešte nehovorí, Č O matematické entity sú. Č O sú matematické entity si vyžaduje nie č o viac. Preto Č O sú možné svety si vyžaduje nie č o viac.

To, že dokážeme zmysluplne formulova ť matematické výroky nám ešte nehovorí, Č O matematické entity sú. Č O sú matematické entity si vyžaduje nie č o viac. Preto Č O sú možné svety si vyžaduje nie č o viac.

To, že dokážeme zmysluplne formulova ť matematické výroky nám ešte nehovorí, Č O matematické entity sú. Č O sú matematické entity si vyžaduje nie č o viac. preto (ak má analógia plati ť ) Č O sú možné svety si vyžaduje nie č o viac.

Matematické poznatky.Modálne poznatky. Matematická ontológia.Modálna ontológia.

Ak vieme, že 2+2=4, vieme tiež, že existujú konkrétne možné svety. NEPRIJATE Ľ NÉ

Lepšie by bolo, ak a) vieme že 2+2=4 a sú č asne b) máme (ontologický) dôkaz existencie č ísel

Matematické poznatky.Modálne poznatky. Matematická ontológia.Modálna ontológia.

1) We ought to have ontological commitment to all and only the entities that are indispensable to our best scientific theories 2) Mathematical entities are indispensable to our best scientific theories. Therefore C1. We ought to have ontological commitments to mathematical entities

Matematické poznatky.Modálne poznatky. Matematická ontológia. (Matematický Platonizmus) Modálna ontológia.

1) We ought to have ontological commitments to all and only those entities that are indispensable to our best scientific theories. 2) Mathematical entities are indispensable to our best scientific theories C1. We ought to have ontological commitments to mathematical entities. 3) If indispensability argument is valid in the case of mathematics, it should be applied to metaphysics as well. 4) We ought to have ontological commitments to all and only those entities that are indispensable to our best metaphysical theories. 5) The existence of possibilia is indispensable to our best metaphysical theory of the nature of possible worlds. Therefore C2.We ought to have ontological commitments to possibilia.

Matematické poznatky.Modálne poznatky. Matematická ontológia. (Matematický Platonizmus) Modálna ontológia. (Modálny Realizmus)

1) We ought to have ontological commitments to all and only those entities that are indispensable to our best scientific theories. 2) Mathematical entities are indispensable to our best scientific theories C1.We ought to have ontological commitment to mathematical entities. 3) If indispensability argument is valid in the case of mathematics, it should be applied to metaphysics as well. 4) We ought to have ontological commitments to all and only those entities that are indispensable to our best metaphysical theories. 5) The existence of possibilia is indispensable to our best metaphysical theory of the nature of possible worlds. C2.We ought to have ontological commitments to possibilia. 6) If Lewis's argument is valid in the case of possible worlds, then it can be applied, mutatis mutandis, in the case of impossible worlds as well. Therefore C3. We ought to have ontological commitments to impossibilia.

Modálne poznatky (o možnom).Modálne poznatky (o nemožnom). Možné SvetyNemožné Svety