Gender and Economics 2014 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FELLOWS PROGRAM Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center The University of Montana Celia Winkler, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Sociology University of Montana
Employment & Earnings Wage Gap Education Employment & Earnings
Wage Gap
Education & Earnings
Working Labor Force Participation Job Clustering Child Care Labor Force Participation
Richland County
Labor Force Participation
Job Clustering
Child Care
Work Time
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Poverty Individuals Children Retirement
Measuring Poverty In the U.S., the poverty threshold is a historical artifact, based on a 1964 study that found that households spent 1/3 of their income on food, on average. The 1964 poverty line was 3 times the cost of the “thrifty” food basket. Since then, it has been adjusted according to increases in the cost of living Several proposals to change this measure to take into account both differential costs and benefits available in various regions of the country.
Poverty Thresholds United States Poverty Thresholds 2013
½ Median: $13,499 Poverty Thresholds Poverty Line: $12,119
Extent of Poverty in the US, 1959 – 2009 Year % Poor Poverty Line (Family of 4) Median Income (Family of 4) Poverty Line as % of Median Income %$2,973$6, % %$3,223$8, % %$3,968$11, % %$5,500$15, % %$8,414$24, % %$10,989$32, % %$13,359$41, % %$15,569$49, % %$17,604$62, % %$19,971$69, % %$21,756$72, % %$22,811$75, % Poverty Thresholds
Poverty: Individuals United States
Poverty: Individuals
Relative Poverty Rates among Women, mid-2000s Poverty: Women Janet C. Gornick and Markus Jäntti “Women, Poverty, and Social Policy Regimes: A Cross-National Analysis.” LIS Working Paper No. 534.
Poverty: Individuals
Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates
Poverty: Individuals
Poverty: Children
Poverty: United States