Architecture The art of sheltering people both physically and spiritually from the raw elements of the unaltered world Vertical Horizontal

Great Pyramids at Giza -2600 BCE Vertical format

Pyramid of Khufu- finished 2560 BCE- largest, oldest of Giza necropolis

Horizontal format- Queen Hatshepsut mortuary temple. circa 1500 BCE

Post & Lintel Horizontal beams laid across open space between vertical supports Limited by lack of tensile strength -withstands bending Has compressive strength- withstands crushing

Stonehenge, England 1800-1400 BCE: Post & lintel

Hypostyle Hall from courtyard temple of Amon-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor columns- 30’, 1390 BCE. Stylized marsh plants for capitals

Hypostyle: a large hall erected in post and lintel construction filled with columns

Byodo-in Temple, Japan, c Byodo-in Temple, Japan, c. 1053: Post and lintel with bracket system in wood

Columns Columns- consist of a shaft, base, capital Fluting- may be carved vertical lines on the shaft Base- may be none, stepped, or elaborately stepped Capital- uppermost section, transition from top of column to lintel

Greek Architectural Orders Doric Order- simple shaft, no base, curved shape supporting a squared capital Ionic- shaft with fluting, rests on stepped base, carved scrolls on capital called volutes Corinthian- most complex, fluted column rests on a detailed, stepped base with carved, stylized acanthus leaves on the capital

Doric Doric column

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens- 448-432 BCE- Doric Temple

Detail of Doric Columns

Ionic Ionic Column

Kallidrates. Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens 427-424 BCE Kallidrates. Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens 427-424 BCE. Ionic order

Corinthian Corinthian column

Maison Carree, Nimes, France-16 BCE- Corinthian order

Arch Construction Stresses transfer outward from center (keystone) to legs: does not depend on tensile strength of materials Round- Roman Horseshoe- Moorish Lance- pointed, Gothic Ogee arch

Arch types

Arch Construction Perfected by the Romans by 2nd c. BCE Can define large spaces because the stress is transferred from the keystone to the legs Keystone- wedge-shaped central stone in the arch; it is inserted last & locks the other stones in place Vault- arched masonry structure that spans an interior space

Joined Arches Arcade- a series arches placed side by side Tunnel vault- half-round arch extended in depth, arches placed back to back to enclose space Groin vault- formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults of equal size at right angles Ribbed vault- tunnel or groin vault in which the lines marking the diagonal intersection of the vaults are reinforced with raised masonry Dome-arch rotated 360 degrees on its vertical axis

Colosseum, 1st c. Roman- Arcade

Sens Cathedral, tunnel vault 1145-1163

Reims Cathedral, France 1211-1290: Groin Vault

Chartres Cathedral, France, 1140s- Ribbed Vaulting

Pantheon, Rome, 118-125 CE. Dome

Oculus in the Dome

Great Stupa at Sanchi, 3rd century. Dome

Detail of Gateway, post and lintel

Dome of the Rock: 684 CE, mosaic wall

Arch Supports Buttress- reinforcement to the legs of an arch to prevent them from caving outward Flying Buttress- buttress designed to overcome bulk of stone by accomplishing structural ends that were light in appearance

Notre Dame de Paris, 1163-1250 - Buttresses

Notre Dame- Flying buttresses

Contemporary Structural Systems Cantilever- overhanging beam or floor supported only at one end Bearing wall- the wall supports itself, the walls and the roof Skeleton frame-a framework supports the building, the walls attach to the frame forming an exterior skin

Balcony created by cantilevered slab, Rome

Frank Lloyd Wright: Falling Water, Bear Run, PA, 1935

Falling Water

Log cabin: Oslo, Norway- Norwegian Museum of Cultural History

Bearing wall systems: Fairbanks House, 1638, Dedham, Massachusetts

Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building, 1891, Skeleton frame covered with masonry

Variations Skeleton frame 1. Balloon construction: When the framing utilizes wood, as in house construction 2. Steel cage construction: When the metal forms the frame, as in skyscrapers

Skidmore, Owings, Merrill. Sears Tower, Chicago, 1971 Skidmore, Owings, Merrill. Sears Tower, Chicago, 1971. Steel cage construction

Building Materials Stone- post & lintel; also combined with mortar or brick & mortar, called masonry Concrete- pre-cast concrete (cast in place using wooden forms around steel) Ferro-concrete (reinforced concrete) Wood- balloon framing or post & beam Steel: steel cage, cantilever Steel suspension (bridges, superdomes, aerial walkways) Geodesic dome

Stone Stone

Masonry Monandnock Building, Chicago, 1891. Architects: Burnam and Root. Masonry

Concrete Antoni Gaudi: Casa Mila, 1905-1910. Masonry and concrete

Pre-cast Concrete Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, NYC 1959

Wood Horyu-ji temple compound with pagoda and Golden Hall- Nara Japan, ca 670 CE. Wood

Steel Frank Gehry: Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, 2003: Steel & titanium sheeting

Steel Suspension Buckminster Fuller, Geodesic dome- 1959.

Common Terms Line, forms, repetition Materials, texture Balance Scale & proportion Color Light Space: how do the forms (walls, ceiling, stairs, entries, roof) enclose the space

Architectural Considerations Structural system Context- the environment. How does the example relate to the physical environment – in contrast to or reflective of surroundings Circulation: design and flow of contiguous spaces relative to function Climate- Function- the purpose of the building Dynamics- stability, instability & movement Style- historical reference