PPT6_BYZANTINE_EARLY_ MEDIEVAL_WARRIOR_ LORD_HEBERNO_ SAXON_CAROLINGIAN_OTT ONIAN_ROMANESQUE_ HUEZO

BYZANTINE ART Architecture: central and quincunx plan churches Mysterious, irrational, and decorative Columns with basket capitals Mosaics with lots of gold Stylized forms: large eye, long thin fingers and noses Central, frontal, symmetrical Figures lack mass and have down-pointing feet Hieratic (representations or methods are fixed by or as if by religious tradition) scale Flat, linear; no shadows, no landscape, no background, little modeling Isocephalic-heads at same level

Cathedral of San Marco (Venice, Italy) Byzantine and local artists create mosaics over centuries Built for St. Mark’s relics Doge Domenico Contarini Begun 1063 Cruciform plan with central dome over the crossing and four smaller domes over the arms

Lamentation Over the Dead Christ Mural in St. Pantaleimon, Nerezi, Macedonia 1164 C.E. Emperors lifted ban on religious images For more emotion added Mary and John in a natural setting Represents intense grief

Three Angels (Old Testament Trinity) Andrei Rublyev Tempera on wood 4’ 8” x 3’ 9” ATP 1410 C.E. Russian icon painting - strong patterns, firm lines, & intense contrast colors so worshipers could see in candle light and incense Lines contrast demeanor Same figures, different colors

EARLY MEDIEVAL ATP Represnts a fusion of Christianity, the Greco-Roman heritage, and cultures of the non-Roman peoples

ART OF THE WARRIOR LORDS Interlace patterns Imaginary animals Appears on small portable objects (manuports), usually with a practical purpose Most likely large artworks did not survive war rather than were not made

Purse Cover from Sutton Hoo ship burial ATP 625 C.E. Gold, glass, & enamel cloisonné w/ garnets and emeralds 7½” Cloisonné- soldered metal strips (cloisons) edge up to metal background, filled w/stones, glass, or glass paste Believed to be funeral ship of Lord Scyld (from Beowulf) Part of medieval tradition of burying great lords w/ rich furnishings

Animal-Head Post From Oseberg, Norway ship burial for two women ATP 825 Wood about 5” high Animal form & lace pattern- fundamental motifs from Northern Frontier of former Roman Empire warrior lords Highlights intricate Viking carving ability

HIBERNO SAXON (Ireland, England) Distinctive illuminated manuscripts (hand written books containing books of the Bible and other Christian writings) Swirling animal images mixed with Christian ideas High crosses between 8 th and 10 th centuries exceptional in mass and scale Corsses were freestanding and unattached to any structural fabric

Cross and Carpet Page of Lindisfarne Gospels From Northumbria, England ATP C.E. Tempera on Vellum 1’ 1½” x 9¼” Cobination of Christian images and animal interlace style Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne For God and St. Cuthbert who’s relics were recently deposited in the church

Chi-rho-iota (Book of Kells) Probably from Iona, Scotland Owned by Kells monastery in southern Ireland Late 8 th or early 9 th century Tempera on vellum 1’ 1” x 9½” Opening of Matthew’s Gospel XPI in Greek letters

St. Matthew (Lindisfarne Gospels) Northumbria, England ATP C.E. Tempera on vellum 1’ 1½” x 9¼” Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne Follows tradition of Mediterranean manuscript illumination

High Cross or Muiredach Monasterboice, Ireland Sandstone about 18’ high 923 C.E For burial of Abbot Muiredach who headed on of oldest monastaries in Ireland Freestanding high Celtic cross

CAROLINGIAN ART Evidence of classical Illusionism: modeling, landscape background, attempts at perspective Expressionism: energetic lines, emphasis on expression of inner emotional state

St. Matthew (Ebbo Gospels) From Hautvillers (near Reims), France ATP C.E. Ink and Tempera on vellum 10¼” x 8¾” Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims – made for him Manuscript illuminator with energy that amounts to frenzy

Crucifixion on front cover of Lindau Gospels Saint Gall, Switzerland ATP 870 C.E. Gold, precious stones, and pearls 1’ 1 3/8” x 10 3/8” Example of Carolingian book covers Made in workshop of Charles the Bald’s court Delicate metal relief in repoussé Statuesque and open eyed – less real portrayal

Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne Aachen, Germany ATP C.E. Built under Charlemagne Carolingian conversion of Byzantine building techniques-foreshadows Romanesque resembles San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy Geometric clarity

OTTONIAN ART Stylized figures with big eyes Completely linear and flat Hieratic scale Composition: central, frontal, symmetrical Isocephalic

Abbey Church of St. Pantaleon Cologne, Germany ATP C.E. Begun by Archbishop Bruno Empress Theophanu expanded the church to include a crypt

St. Michael’s Doors with Relief Panels Hildesheim, Germany 1015 C.E. Commissioned by Bishop Bernward Bronze 16’ 6” high Left door: Genesis right door: Life of Christ Each cast separately with the figural sculpture using wax casting

Crucifix for Cologne Cathedral Commisioned by Archbishop Gero ATP 970 C.E. Painted carved wood 6’ 2” Cologne, Germany Example of revival of monumental sculpture Reliqaury-shrine for sacred relics More human and closer to Byzantine than Early Christian Powerful intense agony portrayed

ROMANESQUE Sculpture Attached to churches, completely dependent on the architecture Stylized, elongated Architecture Use of Roman round arch and barrel vault Larger churches built to accommodate pilgrimages: second aisle, ambulatory, radiating chapels Stone barrel vaults replace flammable wooden roofs, cause walls to be thicker, w/ smaller windows so darker

St. Sernin Cathedral Toulouse, France ATP C.E. Counts of Toulouse had church built for Saint Saturninus Geometrically precise and crisply rational Lengthened nave, doubled the side aisles, and added a transept, ambulatory, and radiating chapels for pilgrimages Barrel vaults

St. Ambrogio Cathedral Milan, Italy ATP late 11th, early 12th century Built in Honor of Milan’s first bishop St. Ambrose First instances of rib vaulting

Saint Etienne Cathedral Caen, France Begun 1067 C.E. Begun by William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) Sexpartite vaulting- ribs creating six sections Very high vaults for clerestory

Durham Cathedral Durham, England Begun ATP 1093 C.E. William of Normandy’s conquest shanges the English style Patterned ribs on naive’s groin vaults Quadrant arches (curves extend ¼ circle’s circumference in tribune Quadrangular ashlar blocks carved by corps of expert masons for walls

Pisa Cathedral Complex Pisa, Italy Cathedral 1063 C.E., baptistery 1153 C.E., campanile 1174 C.E. Coherent group of 3 Romanesque buildings Marble incrustations-wall decoration of bright panels of different colors, as in Pantheon’s interior Pisans wanted it to be a glory to God and bring credit to the city

Christ in Majesty South portal of St. Pierre Cathedral Moisac, France ATP C.E. Record the second coming of Christ as King and Judge Tympanum (semicircular lunnette) above door Frieze relief