UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved. 1 Architectural History Architectural History: Roman Era (753 BC – 330 AD)

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UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved. 1 Architectural History Architectural History: Roman Era (753 BC – 330 AD)

Architectural History: Roman Architecture2 Objectives Outline the social, political, and religious elements affecting the period. Isolate elements associated with Roman architecture. Identify famous Roman buildings. Recognize key terms from Roman architecture. Apply Roman architectural elements in a contemporary situation. UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture3 Roman Society Family Class Structure Patronage System Roman Attire Feasting Customs Entertainment © Bill Storage ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture4 Roman Family Pater (father) Main person in charge legally of the family Power restrained depending on status of the matron Matron Women of the house More powerful than fater if of dignified social status © Bible History Online ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture5 Roman Class Structure & Patronage System Patricians Plebeins Clients Slaves © Craig Space ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture6 Roman Attire Men Wool or linen tunic worn over a shirt and loincloth Toga for public functions Women Stola – Sleeveless gown belted at the waist Pilla – Brightly decorated shawl worn with the stola © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture7 Feasting Customs Guests’ feet were first washed upon entering the banquet Guests brought their own napkins Food served in bite-sized chunks Diners reclined in three couches in a U-shape around a central table UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture8 Entertainment Entertainment at feasts Acrobats Dancers Musicians Clowns Theater- ritual provided three escalating ways of showing appreciation Snapping fingers Clapping Waving toga flap or handkerchief in the air Circus UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture9 Politics Senate Council of elders Comprised of patricians Chose the king Protected Law of Customs Assembly All male citizens of military age Comprised of plebians Consuls Two patrician officials with similar authority as early kings Terms limits of one year If one consul thought the other was getting too powerful he could veto the other consul's actions UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture10 Religion Polytheistic in the extreme Olympian gods Gods associated with cities, activities, professions, and abstractions Home had penates – status of household gods Rituals were central to religion No separation of church and state Omens and divination widely accepted UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture11 Roman Architectural Elements Building Materials Stone Marble Concrete Facing Opus incertum Opus recticulatum Opus testaceum Opus mixtum Opus sectile Building Aims Structured use of space Illusionism Facadism Structural Components Arch Vault Concrete UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture12 Parts of an Arch © UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture13 Vaults Barrel or Tunnel Vault Groin Vault (from above) Groin Vault (from below) © UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture14 Example Architectural Forms Aqua Claudia Theater of Marcellus Colosseum Circus Maximum Forum Baths at Pompeii Temple of Jupiter Temple of Fortuna Pantheon Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine Forum at Pompeii Forum Romanum Forum of Trajan Hadrian’s Villa Pyramid of Casius Cestius City Plan UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture15 Aqua Claudia © Cambridge Latin Course ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture16 Theater of Marcellus © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture17 Colosseum © Cambridge Latin Course ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture18 Circus Maximum © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture19 Forum Baths at Pompeii © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture20 Temple of Jupiter © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture21 Temple of Fortuna © Martha Hollander UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture22 Temple of Venus and Rome © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture23 Pantheon UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture24 Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine © University of Cambridge( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture25 Forum at Pompeii UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture26 Forum of Romanum © bigfoto.com UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture27 Forum of Trajan © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture28 Hadrian’s Villa © VRoma ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture29 Pyramid of Caius Cestius © Livius ( UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.

Architectural History: Roman Architecture30 Vocabulary Review Abutment Arch Barrel vault Center Cross vault Crown Dome Facadism Groin vault Haunch Impost Keystone Pier Plinth Rise Span Spandrel Springer Springing Voussoirs UNT in Partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All Rights Reserved.