The Etruscans, Archaic Italy Vocabulary Etruscan Terracotta Tufa Haruspex Acroteria Cella/cellae Tumulus Trempe l’oeil

Etruscan Territories

The Etruscans, Archaic Italy Etruscans existed in Northern Italy (Tuscany) since as early as the 8 th century BCE 7 th -6 th centuries BCE, Etruscans ruled as kings of Rome By the end of the 6 th century BCE, the last Etruscan king was conquered by the Romans Highly skilled bronze artists

Porta Augusta, Perugia, Italy, 3 rd -2 nd century BCE

Typical Etruscan Temple Model, 6 th century BCE Tuscan Doric, Acroteria, 3 Cellae, Tufa, Haruspex

Plan of Etruscan Temple

Roman Architectural Orders

Apollo, From the Portonaccio Temple, Veii, BCE Terracotta Acroteria

Underground Etruscan Tumulus (tumuli)

Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri, 3 rd Century BCE

Trempe l’oeil

Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, Cerveteri, 520 BCE

Capitoline Wolf, Rome, BCE

Aule Metele, Cortona, 80 BCE Arringatore

Ancient Rome Vocabulary Patricians Plebians Engaged columns Verism Atrium Barrel Vault Groin Vault Forum Republic Empire Mosaic Villa Fresco Linear Perspective Atmospheric Perspective

Ancient Rome Rome begins as a small village on the Capitoline Hill, the largest of seven hills in Rome in the Region of Latium. Virgil’s Aeneid tells the mythological founding of Rome by Aeneas, a refugee from Troy and the son of Venus. Other mythology attributes the founding of Rome to Romulus, son of Mars, in 753 BCE. Rome begins as a Republic in 509 BCE after the expulsion of the last Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus. Roman Republic politics is led by a Constitutional government consisting of 2 consuls and a senate, elected from noble families. The Republic lasts until the rule of Augustus in about 31 BCE when it turns into an empire, to 400 CE. 211 BCE Roman general Marcellus attacks Syracuse in Greece.

Rome at the Height of its Empire

Roman, Pont du Gard, France, late 1 st c BCE

Temple of Portunus, Rome, Late 2 nd century BCE Engaged Column

Roman, Head of a Patrician, BCE Verism Republican portraiture Patrician/plebian

Roman, Augustus of Prima Porta, 20 BCE

Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, 13-9 BCE

Ara Pacis Augustae, detail, Rome, 13-9 BCE

Mt. Vesuvius

Forum of Pompeii 79 CE 88 BCE Pompeii becomes a Roman city

House of the Vetii, Pompeii, CE Atrium

Peristyle Garden

Fresco, Herculaneum, 2 nd century BCE

Roman, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, BCE

Gardenscape, Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, ca. late 1 st c BCE Atmospheric Perspective

Roman, Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, late 1 st c CE

Still Life, Herculanium, before 79 AD

Young Woman Reading, Pompeii, before 79 AD

Arch of Titus, Rome, 81 CE

Arch of Titus, Detail

Colosseum, Rome, CE

Column of Trajan, Rome, CE

Middle Aged Flavian Woman, Rome, late 1 st century CE

Pantheon, Rome, CE

Pantheon-temple of all gods Coffered ceiling Oculus Rotunda

Baths of Caracalla, Rome, CE

Groin Vault

Mosaic

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Roman, 176 CE

Four Tetrarchs, Late Roman, ca. 300 CE Tetrarchy: 2 Augustii (Sr.Emperor) and 2 Caesars (Jr. Emperor)=four emperors. One of each in the Western capital: Rome and in the Eastern capital: Byzantium Porphyry

Constantine the Great, , Rome First Christian Emperor of the Roman Empire, Jr. Emperor in the West Defeats Maxentius in 313 at Battle of the Milvian Bridge to be sole ruler in the West Defeats Licinius in 324 to become sole ruler of the Empire Moves capital to Byzantium-Constantinople

Arch of Constantine, Rome, CE

Roundels date CE

Late Roman, Audience Hall, Trier, Germany, 4 th cent.

Nave Apse

Late Roman, Priestess of Bacchus, from the Diptych of the Symmachi, ca Pagan worship banned by Theodosius I