DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS Fundamentals of Logic Unit – 1 Chapter – 4 Fundamentals of Logic Unit – 1 Chapter – 4.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Basic Terms in Logic Michael Jhon M. Tamayao.

Advertisements

DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE REASONING

1 Valid and Invalid arguments. 2 Definition of Argument Sequence of statements: Statement 1; Statement 2; Therefore, Statement 3. Statements 1 and 2 are.

Lecture 2: Deduction, Induction, Validity, Soundness.

Debate. Inductive Reasoning When you start with a probable truth, and seek evidence to support it. Most scientific theories are inductive. Evidence is.

Other Info on Making Arguments

Some Methods and Interests. Argument Argument is at the heart of philosophy Argument is at the heart of philosophy It is the only method for getting results.

Reasoning Automated Deduction. Reasonable Arguments Argument: An attempt to demonstrate the truth of a conclusion from the truth of a set of premises.

LogicandEvidence Scientific argument. Logic Reasoning –Deductive –Inductive.

Deduction CIS308 Dr Harry Erwin. Syllogism A syllogism consists of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion. In Aristotle,

LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING

Clarke, R. J (2001) L951-08: 1 Critical Issues in Information Systems BUSS 951 Seminar 8 Arguments.

1 Arguments in Philosophy Introduction to Philosophy.

Debate. Inductive Reasoning When you start with a probable truth, and seek evidence to support it. Most scientific theories are inductive. Evidence is.

Basic Argumentation.

The ubiquity of logic One common example of reasoning  If I take an umbrella, I can prevent getting wet by rain  I don’t want to get myself wet by rain.

MGF 1107 Mathematics of Social Choice Part 1a – Introduction, Deductive and Inductive Reasoning.

Logic in Everyday Life.

Deductive vs. Inductive Logic This course is about deductive logic. But it is important to know something about inductive logic.

Reasoning and Critical Thinking Validity and Soundness 1.

10/20/09 BR- Who are the three “brothers” of Argument? Today: Constructing A Logical Argument – Deductive and Inductive Reasoning -Hand in “facts” -MIKVA.

Question of the Day!  We shared a lot of examples of illogical arguments!  But how do you make a LOGICAL argument? What does your argument need? What.

Review from Yesterday…. Rhetoric vs. Dialectic Deduction : conclusion is necessitated by, or reached from the previously stated facts (premises). Remember.

Chapter 3: MAKING SENSE OF ARGUMENTS

Ways of Knowing: Reason Reason. Cogito ergo sum Reasoning Deductive Inductive.

2.8 Methods of Proof PHIL 012 1/26/2001.

READING #4 “DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS” By Robert FitzGibbons from Making educational decisions: an introduction to Philosophy of Education (New York & London:

10/21/09 BR- Identify the (1)premises and the (2)conclusion in the following deductive argument. Is it valid or invalid? All fish need gills to breath.

Theory of Knowledge Ms. Bauer

DEDUCTIVE VS. INDUCTIVE REASONING. Problem Solving Logic – The science of correct reasoning. Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or conclusions from.

Philosophical Method  Logic: A Calculus For Good Reason  Clarification, Not Obfuscation  Distinctions and Disambiguation  Examples and Counterexamples.

DEDUCTIVE VS. INDUCTIVE REASONING Section 1.1. PROBLEM SOLVING Logic – The science of correct reasoning. Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or conclusions.

The construction of a formal argument

09/17/07 BR- What is “logic?” What does it mean to make a logical argument? Today: Logic and How to Argue (Part 1)

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

 Induction is the process of drawing a general conclusion from incomplete evidence.  You consider evidence you have seen or heard to draw a conclusion.

Deductive s. Inductive Reasoning

What is an argument? An argument is, to quote the Monty Python sketch, "a connected series of statements to establish a definite proposition." Huh? Three.

THE NATURE OF ARGUMENT. THE MAIN CONCERN OF LOGIC Basically in logic we deal with ARGUMENTS. Mainly we deal with learning of the principles with which.

Part One: Assessing the Inference, Deductive and Inductive Reasoning.

Text Table of Contents #4: What are the Reasons?.

Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments

DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE REASONING

Deductive reasoning.

a valid argument with true premises.

3 Types of Arguments: Ethos- Establishing a reason to listen or believe the speaker. E.g., “that guy is wearing a tie so he must know what he’s saying.”

Chapter 1: Good and Bad Reasoning

What makes a Good Argument?

Relevance Premises are relevant to the conclusion when the truth of the premises provide some evidence that the conclusion is true Premises are irrelevant.

Win Every Argument Every Time

Chapter 3: Reality Assumptions

Chapter 3 Philosophy: Questions and theories

Introduction to Logic PHIL 240 Sections

Reasoning about Reasoning

Formulating a logical argument using Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE REASONING

DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE REASONING

Inductive and Deductive Logic

DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE REASONING Section 1.1. Problem Solving Logic – The science of correct reasoning. Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or conclusions.

DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE REASONING

Logical Fallacies.

The Persuasive Speech Ch. 24.

Phil2303 intro to logic.

SUMMARY Logic and Reasoning.

Propositional Logic 1) Introduction Copyright 2008, Scott Gray.

If there is any case in which true premises lead to a false conclusion, the argument is invalid. Therefore this argument is INVALID.

DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE REASONING

If there is any case in which true premises lead to a false conclusion, the argument is invalid. Therefore this argument is INVALID.

Presentation transcript:

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS Fundamentals of Logic Unit – 1 Chapter – 4 Fundamentals of Logic Unit – 1 Chapter – 4

Types of Arguments: Every argument makes the claim on the ground provided from its premises for the truth of its conclusion. The claim is the mark (sign) of the argument. The claim for the conclusion may be supported by two different ways. They have different ways of providing support for conclusion.

Types of Arguments: Arguments Deductive Inductive

Deductive Arguments: Deductive reasoning makes claim that its conclusion is supported by its premises conclusively (certain/true). A deductive argument is one whose conclusion is claimed to follow from its premises with absolute necessity. This necessity not being a matter of degree and not depending on whatever may be the case. In other words, a deductive argument is that which first makes the conclusion that is followed by its premises.

Example: Premise Socrates is mortal. Premise Socrates is a human being Conclsion All Human beings are mortal

Deductive Argument: Deductive argument includes claim which is made on ground of its premises. Its conclusion can either correct or incorrect. If its premises are correct then its claim (conclusion) is also correct. Then the argument is valid. But if the argument fails to establish its truth, then it is invalid.

Contd… For logicians, the term ‘validity’ is applicable only to deductive argument. In other words, a deductive argument is valid, when its premises are true, its conclusion must be true. Deductive arguments that fail to do so are invalid.

Inductive Arguments: Inductive reasoning makes claim that its conclusion is supported by its premises with probability. An Inductive argument is one whose conclusion is claimed to follow from its premises only with probability; this probability being the matter of degree and dependent on what else may be the case. In inductive argument, premises come first proceeded by its conclusion.

Contd… Inductive argument is undertaken in empirical investigations. Such as: In medicine, social sciences, astronomy. In inductive argument, cause and effect relation is important e.g.  Cause and effect of inductive investigation on STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) Unlike the deductive argument, the claim or conclusion in inductive argument is seen with probability not with certainty.

Contd… Inductive arguments make weaker claims than those made by deductive arguments. Because their conclusions are never certain. The terms validity and invalidity do not apply to inductive arguments. Inductive arguments may be “better”, or “worse”, “weaker” or “strong” and so on.

Additional Information in IA: An inductive argument can give no more than some degree of probability for its conclusion. Therefore, it is always possible that additional information will strengthen or weaken e.g.  Most actors are celebrities.  Mahesh Parajuli is an actor.  Therefore Mahesh Parajuli is probably a celebrity.

Contd… But let’s see what difference is realized due to additional information.  Mahesh Parajuli is a theatre actor.  Most theatre actors are not celebrities.  Therefore Mahesh Parajuli is not probably a celebrity.Or  ( No theatre actors are celebrities.) So additional information has weakened the previous conclusion here.

Contd… New discoveries may disconfirm what was earlier believed. Therefore, conclusion of an IA can not be absolutely certained.

Difference bet Inductive and Deductive Arguments: Deductive Arguments Inductive Arguments 1.Conclusion is claimed to follow from its premises with absolute necessity. 2.It makes the conclusion that is followed by its premises. 1.conclusion is claimed to be supported by its premises with probability. 2.In inductive argument, premises come first proceeded by its conclusion.

Difference bet Inductive and Deductive Arguments: Deductive ArgumentsInductive Arguments 3. Its conclusion can either correct or incorrect. 4.Deductive arguments are either valid or Invalid. 4.There is not the matter of additional information. 3. Its conclusion comes only with probability. 4. The matter of validity and invalidity does not apply in inductive arguments but there is only the degree of probability. 5. Additional information may strengthen or weaken the IA.