PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I verbi inglesi si coniugano su 3 MODI: INFINITIVE (infinito) PAST SIMPLE (passato) PAST PARTICIPLE (participio passato) PLAY EAT PLAYED ATE PLAYED EATEN

PRESENT PERFECT: LA STRUTTURA Occorre studiare e imparare a memoria la forma del participio passato dei verbi irregolari (e regolari)

Alcuni esempi: Present Past Past Participle be was / were been have had had make made made drive drove driven visit visited visited celebrate celebrated celebrated cut cut cut break broke broken

Forma affermativa We have climbed a mountain Mark has driven to the waterfalls SOGGETTO + HAVE/HAS + PARTICIPIO PASSATO

forma negativa: We haven’t climbed a mountain Mark hasn’t driven to the waterfalls SOGGETTO + HAVEN’T / HASN’T + PARTIC. PASSATO

Forma interrogativa: Have you climbed a mountain? Has Mark driven to the waterfalls? HAVE / HAS + SOGGETTO + PARTIC. PASSATO

Risposte brevi: Yes, we have / No, we haven’t Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t La risposta breve si completa con l’ausiliare

PRESENT PERFECT: L’USO Essendo un tempo passato, occorre distinguere quando usarlo rispetto al Past Simple, come nei seguenti casi:

a) Quando si danno notizie recenti, si raccontano fatti o avvenimenti, anche speciali: I HAVE DONE BUNJEE JUMPING!

b) Quando il tempo in cui avvengono i fatti NON E’ specificato: WE HAVE JUST EATEN A BIG MAC

c) per sapere se una persona ha mai fatto una cosa: HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO LONDON?

d) Con i seguenti avverbi: JUST – ALREADY – EVER/NEVER – YET – RECENTLY I’ve never been to London (mai) They have already had lunch (già) Susan has just got home (appena) Susan hasn’t got home yet (non ancora) He has recently passed an English exam (di recente) Have you ever visited the Uffizi Gallery? (mai, in frasi interrogative)

IL VERBO ESSERE: OSSERVA Present Past Past Participle I am I was I have been you are You were You have been He is He was He has been She is She was She has been It is It was It has been We are We were We have been You are You were You have been They are They were They have been

IL VERBO AVERE: OSSERVA Present Past Past Participle I have I had I have had you have You had You have had He has He had He has had She has She had She has had It has It had It has had We have We had We have had You have You had You have had They have They had They have had