Iron Production Ore, lime, coke Waste gas Hot air Slag out Molten iron out

Export prices (c&f) US$/t Price of Iron and Steel 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Export prices (c&f) US$/t This graph reflects our own invoiced prices of hot rolled coil and low carbon wire rod converted to a C & F price base. As mentioned earlier the price movements of these two products mirror the global steel price cycle and are indicative of price trends in the flat and long products markets There has been a profound change for the better in the steel industry since 2003 from the viewpoint of steel producers. This favorable steel industry outlook is expected to remain for the foreseeable future and is a function of: Strong steel demand growth Ever increasing concentration of the steel producing industry The failure of the Chinese steel overcapacity to destroy the improved competitive environment for steel companies outside of China. Year on year the average price for hot rolled coil in 2007 increased by 22% while low carbon wire rod increased by 26%. During 2006 hot rolled coil decreased by 5% while low carbon wire rod increased by 4%. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 HRC Low carbon wire rod

Ironmaking in the Blast Furnace Plant Bell Less Top Sinter Coke Gas Cleaning Hot Blast Stoves Stock House Gasholder Scrubber Stockhouse: screening and weighing of burden materials Bell less top: proper distribution of burden materials in the furnace Gas cleaning: cleaning of bf-topgas in two steps: 1. dry dust catcher for coarse particles 2. Wet scrubber for final cleaning Gasholder: big vessel to buffer flow and pressure fluctuations Hot blast stoves: regenerative heat exchanger for heating of hot blast Hot Metal: liquid hot iron Slag: liquid byproducts (CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO) Blower: generates compressed air Enrichment Gas Slag, Hot Metal Combustion Air Blower Combustion Gas

Materials Iron Ore Flux Coke S Hematite Fe2O3 Limonite Fe2O3. xH2O Magnetite Fe3O4 Siderite FeCO3 Iron Ore Fe content : 20 - 70% SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO P, As S - unwanted, less than 0,15% Flux Lime, dolomite CaMgCO3 , CaO Coke Metallurgical coke

Preparing processes Coke production Sintering high-quality coal Ore Coal COKE OVEN PLANT SINTER PLANT Gas Coke production Sintering high-quality coal without oxygen 900 – 1150°C 12 – 24 hn

Preparing processes Preparation of hot air Hot Blast Stoves Combustion Air Blower Combustion Gas Preparation of hot air fire-clay lattices is heated up to 1200°C cold air is introduced and heated up to 600-1100°C

Blast Furnace Top Gas Mains Top Bins Throat Armour Above Burden Probe Temperature Probe Refractory Lining Sub Burden Probe Burden probes: temperature and gas probes to control the distribution of the burden materials Throat armour: high resistant metal plates to protect the refractories from dropping burden materials Bustle main: ring pipe for hot blast Tuyeres: water cooled nozzles for hot blast injection Hearth refractories: temperature resistant materials (mainly carbon) Bustle Main Tuyeres Hearth Refractories

Main reactions in blast furnace

Bilance výroby Vysoká pec 1t surového železa Koks Vápenec Ruda (50%Fe) 3.5 t plynu 1t surového železa

Products Pig Iron Chemical composition Fe C Si Mn P S 90-95% 3,0-4,3% 0,5-3,0% 0,05-2% do 0,1% Pig Iron

Products Pig Iron is being casted to: TORPEDO LADLE ingot

MgO, MnO, FeO, CaS, MnS, P2O5, BaS, atd. Products Chemical composition SiO2 CaO Al2O3 MgO, MnO, FeO, CaS, MnS, P2O5, BaS, atd. 26-40% 36-48% 10-20% negligible Slags bazic (CaO + MgO)/SiO2 = 1,0 – 1,5

Products Stock gas Chemical composition CO2 CO H2 CH4 N2 8-14% 23-32% 1-4% 0,2-0,4% 55-60% Stock gas fly ash ( 3 - 30g/m3) 3800 - 4000m3 gas per 1t of coke fuel value 3700 – 4200 kJ/m3