Knowledge Production and diffusion: why do we need to foster industtry-science relationships? Manuel Heitor

Inovação: “The Chain Link Model” Potential Markets Invention/ analytical design Detailed design & Test Re-design & Production Distribution & market Knowledge Research Kline & Rosenberg (1986) Technology platforms BUS “Communities of practice”

A taxonomy for firm trajectories (Pavitt, 1984, 2000)

Firm’s collaborative activities: a learning based taxonomy Source: adapted from Mitelka (2001) Traditional forms of one-way inter-firm agreements are giving way to two-way collaborative partnerships Knowledge-intensive production now spans to a wide range of industries following product and process complexity, thus demanding high skills

Knowledge Production: an evolving scene... Traditional analysis Emerging questions CONTEXTspecific communityapplication SCOPE disciplinarytransdisciplinary SKILLS homogeneityheterogeneity ORGANIZATION Hierarchical & Static (preserved) Transient & Dynamic (changing) Taxonomy: Gibbons et al (1994) MODE 1MODE 2

Distributed Knowledge bases 1. An increasing number of sources of knowledge 2. A broad base of effective interaction: fostering multiple knowledge flows 3. Their dynamics lie in the flows of knowledge, which may not obey to national science policy 4. The number of nodes in the networks accelerates with time, being unaffected by existing institutional structures 5. Knowledge production exhibits heterogeneous, rather than homogeneous, growth Source: Keith Smith (2000)

Promoting Systems of Innovation and Competence Building: …clusters with diversified partnerships Chain Linked Model of Innovation Technology platforms Potential Markets Invention/ analytical design Detailed design & Test Re-design & Production Distribution & market Knowledge Research Research Agendas Thematic Mobilization Programmes Networks of Scientific Cooperation Knowledge diffusion Post-Grad Training Individual Mobility NTBF´ s

Knowledge networks: What can we learn? Partnerships reflect that: - competence is built over time through interactive learning demanding proximity and there are increasing returns in the production and use of knowledge -competence is localized – some of the knowledge is tacit and cannot easily be disentangled from the cluster - it is embodied in people, organizations and networks -Competence building should be directed to open minds to new trajectories Therefore, the key to understand shared prosperity is a better understanding of learning and knowledge creation in the economy.