THE SOIL FOOD WEB. Soil Biology and the Landscape.

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Presentation transcript:

THE SOIL FOOD WEB

Soil Biology and the Landscape

The Soil Food Web

Components of Soil Organic Matter Decomposing organic matter (active fraction) 33% - 50% Stabilized organic matter (humus) 33% - 50% Fresh residue <10% Living organisms <5%

Rhizosphere

Microbial Biomass with Depth

Seasonal Microbial Activity

FOOD WEB & SOIL HEALTH

Biomass of Soil Organisms in Four Ecosystems

Typical Numbers of Soil Organisms in Healthy Ecosystems Ag LandPrairieForest Organisms per gram (teaspoon) of soil Bacteria100 mil. -1 bil. FungiSeveral yards10s – 100’s of yds1-40 miles (in conifers) Protozoa1000’s 100,000’s Nematodes ’s – 100’s100’s Organisms per square foot Arthropods< ,000-25,000 Earthworms (0 in conifers)

Methods for Measuring the Food Web Counting Direct counts of individuals Plate counts of colonies Activity levels Respiration (CO 2 production) Nitrification rates Decomposition rates Cellular constituents Biomass C, N, or P Enzymes Phospholipids DNA and RNA

Bacteria with fluorescent stain for counting

A Complex Food Web

Complexity of the Soil Food Web in Several Ecosystems

Two Bugs are Better Than One Effects of bacteria and bacterial-feeding nematodes on blue grama grass growth

BACTERIA

Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Nodules formed where Rhizobium bacteria infected soybean roots.

Actinomycetes Bacterial cells Grow like fungal hyphae

Bacteria vs. fungi

FUNGI

Fungi and Soil Quality Decompose carbon compounds Improve OM accumulation Retain nutrients in the soil Bind soil particles Food for the rest of the food web Mycorrhizal fungi Compete with plant pathogens

Mycorrhizae Tree root Mycorrhizal structure Fungal hyphae

Ectomycorrhizae

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)

Mushrooms: The fruiting body of some fungi

Mycorrhizal Fungi

PROTOZOA Ciliates Largest of the three Move by means of hair-like cilia Eat the other protozoa and bacteria Amoebae Also large Move by means of a temporary foot (pseudopod) Include testate amoebae (with shell-like covering), and naked amoebae Flagellates Smallest of the three Move by means of a few ship-like flagella.

PROTOZOA

Flagellate

Ciliate

Amoebae

Mineralization and Immobilization Organisms consume other organisms and excrete inorganic wastes. Inorganic nutrients are usable by plants, and are mobile in soil. Organic nutrients are stored in soil organisms and organic matter. Organisms take up and retain nutrients as they grow.

Soil-Dwelling “Vampires”

NEMATODES

Predatory Nematode

Root-feeding nematodes

Nematode Trappers Fungal hyphal rings constrict when a nematode swims through.

ARTHROPODS

Mites and Biodiversity

Types of Arthropods Shredders Predators Herbivores Fungal-feeders

Shredders

Predators (1)

Predators (2): Pseudoscorpions

Predators (4): Centipedes

Predators (5): Scorpions

Predators (6)

Herbivores

Springtails (fungal feeders) Abundant in many soils. Feed on some disease-causing fungi. Jump by slamming their tail down.

What is in Your Soil? Berlese funnel Pitfall trap

EARTHWORMS

Earthworms bury litter

Earthworm burrow

Vertical burrows

Earthworm casts

Earthworm burrow opening

Midden pile Burrow opening

Reproduction

Night crawlers and tillage With Lumbricus terrestrisWithout Lumbricus terrestris