Fungal Groups b Ascomycetes b Basidiomycetes b Imperfect Fungi--Deuteromycetes b Zygomycetes

Fungus-related terms b Saprobe b Saprophyte b Hyphae b Mycelium b Fruiting body b Chitin b conidia

Fungi b Cellular Characteristics MulticellularMulticellular EukaryoticEukaryotic HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Have cell walls reinforced with chitinHave cell walls reinforced with chitin Usually haploidUsually haploid Diploid only during sexual reproductionDiploid only during sexual reproduction

Basidiomycetes b Examples—mushrooms, rusts, smuts, puffballs b Basidia—club shaped reproductive structure found on the gills. b Mating strains b Fusion b Dikaryotic hyphae b Nuclear fusion b Zygote—diploid b Meiosis b Formation of haploid spores b Germination

Basidiomycetes

Ascomycetes b Sac Fungi b Truffels, Morels, Penicillium, Yeasts, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cervisiae, Sordaria b Ascus b ascospore

Ascomycetes

Zygomycetes b Terrestrial Fungi b Examples—Bread Mold, many disease- causing parasitic fungi, Rhizopus stolonifer, b Zygosporangium b Zygospores

Zygomycetes

Imperfect Fungi b Taxonomic holding station b Scientists have not discovered a sexually reproductive stage in these organisms b Candida and Penicillium were both once categorized in this group.

Fungal Symbiosis b Mycorrhizae—Mutualistic association between tree roots and fungi. Help to increase water absorption. b Lichens—Mutualistic association between fungi and cyanobacteria. Play a role in primary succession.

Fungal Diseases b Ascomycetes Aspergillus—Aspergilloses— allergies; sinus, ear, and lung infections.Aspergillus—Aspergilloses— allergies; sinus, ear, and lung infections. Candida albicans—yeast infections, thrushCandida albicans—yeast infections, thrush Claviceps purpurea—ergotismClaviceps purpurea—ergotism Ophiostoma ulmi—Dutch elm diseaseOphiostoma ulmi—Dutch elm disease Cryphonectria parasitica— Chestnut blightCryphonectria parasitica— Chestnut blight Trichophyton tonsurans – ringwormTrichophyton tonsurans – ringworm Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum --Athlete’s footTrichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum --Athlete’s foot b Basidiomycetes Amanita—Severe poisoning Ustilago maydis—corn smut Puccinia graminis—Wheat rust

Mycorrhizae

Meiosis in Sordaria b Ascomycete Fungi b Hyphae b Mycelium b Fruiting Body b Asexual Spores--Conidia b Sexual Spores--Ascospores b Ascus b Fungus is usually Haploid.

Meiosis in Sordaria b Fusion of Mycelia forms Diploid cells. b Undergoes meiosis to form ascospores. b Perithecium or Fruiting Body b Tan and Black Spore Producers

Life Cycle of Sordaria

Sordaria (Sexual Spore Formation without Crossing Over)

Sordaria (Formation of Sexual Spores with Crossing Over)

Stereomicroscope View of Hyphae and Fruiting Bodies

Sordaria Ascospores with no crossing over

Sordaria Ascospores with crossing over