The Fungi Kingdom Mycology - the study of fungi fungus - singular fungi- plural 4 Main Characteristics of Fungi 1) fungi are eukaryotic they have a nuclei & mitochondria 2) they are heterotrophs they depend on other organisms for food 3) they are multicellular 4) they cannot move on their own

The Fungi Kingdom 4 Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants 1) fungi lack chlorophyll 2) fungi are not photosynthetic Saprophyte-feeds on dead/decaying organisms cannot produce their own food most are saprophytes some are parasites 3) they never reproduce by seeds 4) most fungi have cell walls made of chitin… Except molds Plant cell walls are made of what? cellulose molds have cell walls made of cellulose…like plants

Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuoles Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm FUNGAL ORGANELLES Contain many of the organelles found in other cells Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuoles Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm DO NOT contain CHLOROPLASTS!!!!!!!!!

The Fungi Kingdom Parts of fungi: network of thin thread-like structures that form the “body” of a fungus Hyphae - hypha - singular hyphae - plural hyphae contain cytoplasm hyphae grow and branch until they cover and digest the food source (upon which the fungi is growing)

The Fungi Kingdom Parts of fungi: Mycelium - a mass of hyphae mycelia - plural The mycelium is usually hidden in the soil, in wood, or another food source www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/ mycelium.html A mycelium may fill a single ant, or cover many acres

The Fungi Kingdom Fungi Reproduction: the structure of the fungi that you can see, is the part that carries out reproduction most fungi reproduce by using spores fungi spores are microscopic EX: Mushrooms & puffballs release large clouds of spores. Each cloud contains millions of spores Reproduction is classified according to: 1) the way they form the spores 2) the shape of the structure in which spores are made

The Fungi Kingdom Germ tube (Growing Spore) (initial hypha) single hypha Mass of hyphae (mycelium)

1- Sporangium Fungi Bread mold Rhizopus Stachybatrus Cheese mold: Blue, Roquefort, Brie Water mold

The Fungi Kingdom 4 Main Types of Fungi: 1.Sporangium Fungi/Mold Sporangium fungi reproduces by spores in the sporangia Sporangia- structures found on the tips of hyphae that make spores EX: Bread Mold Bread mold produces spores in sporangia that stick up above the bread

1- Sporangium Fungi Sporangium Hyphae Mycelium The hyphae have SPORANGIA at the ends Sporangium Hyphae Mycelium

Sporangium with Sporangium releasing spores inside Spores The hyphae have SPORANGIA at the ends (round structures that produce spores). Sporangium with spores inside Sporangium releasing Spores

1- Sporangium Fungi Sporangium Hyphae

The Fungi Kingdom 4 Types of Fungi have a club-shaped part which produces the spores 2. Club fungi - Example: MUSHROOMS Puffball www.rainforestventures.com/ fungi.htm Shelf fungus Coral Fungus Corn Smut

2- Club Fungi b) Produce spores from club shaped sacs called basidia. Cap Stipe Gills

What are we looking at when we see a… fungus-among-us? The Fungi Kingdom What are we looking at when we see a… fungus-among-us? The part of the fungus that we see is only the “fruit” of the organism The ‘living’ body of the fungus is a mycelium

2- Club Fungi

2- Club Fungi Cap Basidium Stipe Spores Gills

3. Sac Fungi - produce spores in sac-like structures EX: yeasts, cup fungi, powdery mildews, & lichens

3- Sac Fungi Cup fungi Example: YEAST Cramp ball Some molds: Tuber magnatum truffle: A delicacy @ $1,000-$2,000 per lb. Example: YEAST Cramp ball Cup fungi Some molds: Penicillium Mitrula paludosa Dead Man’s Fingers

3- Sac Fungi An Ascus with Many Asci spores inside b) Produce spores inside a small sac called an ASCUS. An Ascus with spores inside Many Asci

3- Sac Fungi Yeast cells producing asci. Asci

RESPIRATION AEROBIC ANAEROBIC Occurs with Oxygen Occurs without Oxygen

2 types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen Water and CO2 are waste products Food + Oxygen CO2 + Water + ATP

2 Types of Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) Does not require Oxygen (anaerobic) Yeast cells used to make bread Creates CO2 (makes bread rise) , alcohol (for beer, wine, champagne)

a fungus and an organism with chlorophyll that live together Lichens - Algal cells Fungal cells Picture of lichen taken through an electron microscope. Lichens on ground

The Fungi Kingdom

Lichens 2) Have a mutualistic relationship (they help each other). Fungus provides protection and a place for the algae to live. Algae makes food for both to live on. Pioneers – ultimately leading to a forest community – SUCCESSION LICHENS!

Symbiotic Relationships? A close relationship between two organisms where at least one benefits. MUTUALISTIC (+ +), COMMENSALISM (+ 0) PARASITIC (+ -) Examples: Nemo and the Sea Anemone Fungi that help protect plant roots from drought http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8 ANT KILLER

What type of relationship am I? Mutualism (++), Commensalism (+0), Parasitism(-+)

The Fungi Kingdom 4 Types of Fungi 4) Imperfect – sporangium/mold, sac, and club fungi that can only reproduce asexually cause most fungal diseases in humans EX: ringworm, athletes foot, thrush www.rainforestventures.com/ fungi.htm

The Fungi Kingdom Fungi Reproduction of 4 types of fungi: 1) Mold – reproduce asexually & sexually 2) Sac fungi – reproduce asexually & sexually www.stcc.cc.tx.us/nilsson/ 4_GB_LectureNotes_f...

The Fungi Kingdom Fungi Reproduction of 4 types of fungi cont’d: 3) Club fungi – reproduce asexually & sexually 4) Imperfect – can only reproduce asexually

How Do Fungi Get Around Not Being Tall Enough? Fungi have a major problem: Many fungi do not grow tall enough to clear the "boundary layer" of still air next to the ground so they… WIND 1) Shoot their spores 2) Use animals, water or wind for dispersal Once spores are caught by something they can be carried long distances

The Fungi Kingdom Spore dispersal Examples www.botany.hawaii.edu/.../ Bot135/Lect05_b.htm

The Fungi Kingdom Fungi Reproduction Cont’d: Fungi can also reproduce from pieces of hyphae. Wind and water can carry pieces of hyphae to new places. If enough moisture and food is present, the spores/hyphae can grow into new fungi

The Fungi Kingdom 1. Define the term mycology. 2. List the 4 main types of fungi and give an example of each. 3. List the 4 main characteristics of fungi. 4. Explain 2 reasons why fungi are different from plants. 5. Define hyphae. Explain what it does and where it is located. 6. Define mycelium. Explain what it does and where it’s located. 7. Which of the 4 types of fungi is bread mold?

The Fungi Kingdom 8. Define lichen. List 2 places that you can find them. 9. Which part of the fungi carries out reproduction? 10. List the two ways fungi reproduction is classified? 11. Which type of fungi causes most fungal diseases in humans? 12. List 3 types of human diseases caused by fungus. 13. What is the number one problem fungi have when they are reproducing? 14. List two ways a fungi can release spores