(بسم الله الرحمن الر حيم)

251PHG

Cell Content Cont. Lab(2)

Cell Content Cell Content: I-Stomata II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals III-Trichomas (hair) IV-Pollen Grain

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals What is Calcium Oxalate Crystals? It is formed in plant to get rid of excess calcium salts,where it reacts with oxalic acid formed by metabolism of carbohydrates. Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes . Calcium oxalate is of great importance in identification & differentiation of different plants.

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals Mount : Powder + Chloral hydrate

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes . Prisms: ex: Quillaia 2. Clusters: ex : Rhubarb 3. Raphides: ex : Squill

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals Cont. Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes . 4. Crystal sheath: ex:Senna 5. Rosettes: ex:Datura stramonium 6. Microsphenoidal ( Sandy crystals ): ex:Atropa belladonna 7. Twins: ex:Hyoscymous

III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair a)Non glandular hair b)Glandular hair 1)Simple hair 2)Multicellular hair 1)Unicellular stalk,unicellular head 2)Unicellular stalk,multicellular head 3)Multicellular head multicellular stalk 4)Branched hair

III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: A) Non glanduler hair: 1) Simple hair: a- Warty Cuticle hair (senna) b-Cystolyth hair (Cannabis)

III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: A) Non glanduler hair: Cont. Types of Hair: A) Non glanduler hair: 2) Multicellular: Uniseriate: (formed one row of cells) * Conical shaped hair (Datura Strammonium) * T-shape hair (Pyrethrium) * Collapsed hair (Digitalis)

III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: B) Glanduler hair: Cont. Types of Hair: B) Glanduler hair: Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head (Digitalis) 2) Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head a) Digitalis b) Mentha”Labiaceous hair”

III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: B) Glanduler hair: Cont. Types of Hair: B) Glanduler hair: 3) Branched hair (Hyocymus) 4) Multicellular stalk,Multicellular head”Shagy hair” (Cannabis)

IV-Pollen Grains Types of Pollen grain: Spiny pollen grain: (Pyrethrium) 2)Triangular pollen grain: (Clove)

IV-Pollen Grains Stomata: Each stomata consists of two guard cells which guards the osteole.

IV-Pollen Grains Types of Stomata: 1.Anisocytic stomata: Stomata is surrounded by three or four epidermal cells one of which is smaller than the others ex : solanaceae 2.Anomocytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by the same epidermal cells ex : digitalis leaf

IV-Pollen Grains Types of Stomata: 3. Paracytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by two epidermal cells with their long axis parallel to that of the osteole ex : Senna 4. Diacytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by two epidermal cells with their long axis at right angle to that of the osteole ex : peppermint

I)Types of Stomata: 1-Paracytic Stomata: 2- Diacytic Stomata: 4-Anomocytic Stomata: 3-Aisocytic Stomata:

III-Trichomes(Hair) Senna (Paracytic stomata,warty cuticle hair and Crystal sheath of Ca oxalate) Mentha (Labiaceous hair and Diacytic stomata) Datura Strammonium (cluster layer of Ca oxalate, non glandular hair and Anisocytic stomata) Digitalis (glandular & non glandular hair,Anomocytic stomata) Pyrethrium (pollen grain and T-shaped hair) Quillaia (prism)

III-Trichomes(Hair) 7) Squill (raphides) 8) Hyoscymus (Branched hair,twin prism & anisocytic stomata) 9) Rhubarb (Cluster of Ca oxalate) 10) Atropa Belladona (sandy crystal & anisocytic stomata) 11) Clove (Triangular pollen grain)

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Lab(3)

Atropa belladonna Datura stramonium Hyoscyamous muticus Cinchona Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Atropa belladonna Datura stramonium Hyoscyamous muticus Cinchona Nuxvomica

General Chemical Tests For Alkaloids : Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids General Chemical Tests For Alkaloids : Wagner,s reagent brown ppt. Mayer,s reagent white ppt. Dragendorff,s reagent orange ppt.

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids 1) Atropa belladonna: Name : Atropa belladonna Origin : dried leaf of Atropa belladonna Family : Solanaceae Odour : not characteristic Taste : bitter Color : green Active constituents : Atropine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Microscopical Examination : ( mount : KOH ) a) Ca oxalate : microsphenoidal ( sandy crystals ) b) Anisocytic stomata : C ) Glandular trichome: (Unicellular head,Multicellular stalk)

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids 2)Datura stramonium: Name : Datura stramonium Origin : dried leaf of Datura stramonium Family : Solanaceae Odour : not characteristic Taste : bitter Color : green Active constituents : Atropine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Microscopical Examination:( mount : KOH ) a)Ca oxalate: Clusters ( Rossettes ) b)Anisocytic stomata : C)Non Glandular trichome : covering hair, conical shape

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Specific test for Atropine: Vital’s Test: pd in porcelain dish + 5 drops fuming nitric acid yellow residue + few drops 3% KOH in methanol violet color.

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids 3) Hyoscyamous muticus Name : Hyoscyamous muticus Origin : dried leaf of Hyoscyamous niger Family : Solanaceae Odour : not characteristic Taste : bitter Color : pale yellowish brown Active constituents : Hyoscine , Hyoscyamine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Microscopical Examination :( mount : KOH ) a) Ca oxalate : Twin prism b) Anisocytic stomata : C) Glandular trichome : branched hair

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids 4. Nux vomica Name : Nux vomica Origin : dried seeds of Nux vomica Family : Loganiaceae Odour : not characteristic Taste : bitter Color : grey Active constituents : Strychnine, Brucine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol ) lignified ribs : b ) epidermal cells with lignified ribs : c ) endosperm:

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Spesific tests for strychnine & brucine : Strychnine + Mandalin’s reagent violet color Brucine + nitric acid reddish orange

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids 5) Cinchona: Name : Cinchona Origin : dried bark of Cinchona Family : Rubiaceae Odour : not characteristic Taste : bitter Color : reddish brown Active constituents : Quinine + Quinidine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol ) lignified fiber: highly pitted , funnel shape b ) parenchmatus cork cells c ) oval starch granules Spesific test: dried test red vapors

Drugs Containing . Glycosides Lab(4)

Drugs Containing . Glycosides Rhubarb Senna Liquorice Digitalis

On hydrolysis Drugs Containing . Glycosides Glycosides Glycone + Aglycoene. (Sugar part)+(Non sugar part).

Drugs Containing . Glycosides I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone) 1) Senna Name: Senna leaf Origin:Dried leaf of Cassia acutifolia Family: Leguminosae Odour: Not characteristic Taste: First sweet, then bitter Color: yellowish green Active constituent: Sennoside A&B

Drugs Containing . Glycosides I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone) Senna: Microscopical examination: Mount: Chloral hydrate why not KOH? Paracytic stomata: b) Ca Oxalate: Crystal Sheath c) Simple hair (non glandular)

Drugs Containing . Glycosides I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone) 2) Rhubarb Name: Rhubarb Rhizomes Origin: Rheum Palmatum Family: Polygonaceae Odour: Characteristic Taste: Aromatic bitter Color: yellowish brown

Drugs Containing . Glycosides I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone) Rhubarb: Microscopical examination: (Mount: H2O) Starch granules,rounded simple & compound: b) Mount in Chloralhydrate: Clusters of Ca-Oxalate (Prisms) c) Fragments of Vesseles

Test for combined Anthracene Drugs Containing . Glycosides I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone) Test for combined Anthracene Modified Borntrager’s test + alc.KOH (WB.10min) Dil. HCl + H2O + CH3Cl CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine + dil.NH3 (shake)------ 2 layers, upper rose pink lower CH3Cl colorless

Drugs Containing . Glycosides I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone) Specific test for Anthracene: Rhubarb: (Borntrager’s test) + H2O (WB.10min) CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine + dil.NH3 (shake)------ 2 layers, upper rose pink lower CH3Cl colorless

Drugs Containing . Glycosides II- Cardiac Glycoside: 3) Digitalis: Name:Digitalis Origin:Dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea Family:Scrophulariaceae Odour: Weak not characteristic Taste: not characteristic Color: Green Active constituents: Digoxin,Digitoxin

Drugs Containing . Glycosides II- Cardiac Glycoside: 3) Digitalis: Microscopical examination: Collapsed hair (multicellular,non glandular) b) Digit hair(Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head) (Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head) c) Anomocytic Stomata:

Drugs Containing . Glycosides II- Cardiac Glycoside: 3) Digitalis: N.B. No starch, No Ca-Oxalate, No fibers, No stone cells Specific Test: Killer Killani Baljet test Kedde test

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils Lab(5)

What is Volatile Oils? Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils They are odorousprinciples found in plants evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary tempreature.

How to Prepare Volatile Oil? Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils How to Prepare Volatile Oil? 1) Cold Exoression (e.g.Citrus Oils) Sponge Method Scarification Method 2) Extraction Method: Solid Extraction (flowers) Liquid Extraction

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 3) Steam Distillation: a-Direct (Using Clevenger apparatus) b-In Direct (for sensitive V.O.)

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 1) Mentha: Name: Mentha piperita Origin:Dried leaf of Mentha pipaita Family: Lamiacea Odour: charactristic Taste: Charactristic Color: Green menthol

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 1) Mentha: Mount KOH Microscopical examination: Diacytic Stomata: b) Glandular hair(unicellular stalk , multicellular head)[ Labiaceous Hair]:

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 2) Anise: Name: Anise Origin: Dried fruit of Pimpinella anisum Family: Apiaceae Odour: Charactristic Taste: Charactristic Color: Olive green

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 2) Anise: Mount KOH Microscopical examination Non Glandular warty cuticle: Branched Vittae: Endocarp cells:

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 3) Clove: Name: Clove Origin: dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus Family: Myrtaceae Colour: reddish brown Odour: aromatic Taste: Spice aromatic

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 3) Clove: Microscopical examinations: a- Oil gland b-Fiber c-Anthec d- Triangular pollen grain

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 4) Cinnamon: Name:Cinnamon Origin: dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Family: Lauraceae Colour: reddish brown Odour: Characteristic Cinnamaldehyde Taste: Characteristic

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 4) Cinnamon: Microscopical examinations: (Mount KOH) a-Oil Cell a-Pericycle fiber C- Stone Cells