Ch 29/30 - The Making of a Land Plant I. The Problems of being a “land” plant In Water (the easy life) On Land (the hard life) Land Plant Adaptations Cell walls with lignin, xylem, stems, turgor 1. Supportive 1. Non-Supportive 2. Retains water 2. Lose water Vascular tissue, roots, cuticle, stomata 3. Reproduction easy 3. Reproduction hard a. Sperm swim in water b. Dispersal easy (float) c. Eggs will not dry out a. Sperm can not fly b. Young not dispersed c. Embryos need protection Pollen, flowers, fruit, sporopollenin, seed coats, protected embryo II. The Characteristics of Land Plant A. Growth at tips - apical meristems Multicellular with dependent embryos retained in female part of plant “embryophytes” 1. Placental transfer cells (higher plants) 2. Foot (Lower plants) C. Walled spores made in sporangia composed of sporopollenin D. Multicelluar gametangia (antheridia & archegonia) E. Alternation of Generation Multicellular sporophytes makes spores that grow into a multicellular gametopyte that makes gametes

Highlights of Plant Evolution (charophytes) BRYOPHYTES LYCOPHYTES MONILOPHYTES GYMNO & ANGIOSPERMS

Alternation of Generation Structures Alternation of Generation Zygote Gametes Spores Gametophyte Sporophyte Mitosis Multicellular Zygote Sporophyte (2n) (2n) Ploidy Meiosis Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Fertilization Spores Gametes (n) (n) (n) Process Multicellular Mitosis Meiosis Fertilization Mitosis Mitosis Gametophyte (n) Slide 14

Placental transfer cells Protected Embryos of the “Embryophytes” Protective Coat Embryo of a seed Embryo of a liverwort Placental transfer cells Foot Slide 1

Xylem and Phloem in a vascular bundle Vascular Tissue Xylem and Phloem in a vascular bundle Stem Slide 1

Plant Clade Relationships Slide 1

The Bryophytes Thallose Liverwort Leafy Liverwort Hornwort Moss Slide 2

Apical Meristem Tissue Root Tip Leaf Bud Slide 1

Phylum Lycophyta Club “Moss” Spore producing strobuli Lycopodium Slide 2

Leaf Evolution All other vascular plants Scales Microphylls LYCOPHYTES Non-Vascular ‘Scale” Vascular Microphyll All other vascular plants Dichotomous branching Tissues fill in branching Scales Microphylls LYCOPHYTES Branching Megaphylls

Phylum Monilophytes - The Ferns

Phylum Monilophyte - The Horsetails Spore producing strobuli “Scouring rushes” Equisetum

Phylum Monilophyte - The Whisk Ferns Sporangia Dichotomous Branching Slide 2

Relationships of Sporophytes and Gametophytes Flowering Plant Moss Fern Slide 2

Types of Gymnosperms Juniper Cycad Ginkgo Sequoia Bristlecone pine Fir Cypress Yew Slide 2

Types of Angiosperms SLIDE 2

Life Cycle of a Conifer Slide 3

Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant Slide 2

The Evolutionary Relationships of the Plant Kingdom Slide 2

Moss Life Cycle Slide 2

Fern Life Cycle Slide 2

Moss Antheridia Moss Archegonia Antheridia Archegonia Egg Cell Sperm Cells Slide 1

Fern Gametophyte with Developing Sporophyte Archegonium Antheridium Rhizoids (Why are they called “rhizoids” and not roots) Slide 3

Lycopodium Gametophyte Slide 3

Horsetail Gametophtye Slide 3

Whisk Fern Gametophtye Why is it brown and not green? Slide 3

What is the difference between a spore and a seed? Spores Seed Unicellular 1. Multicellular Haploid 2. Diploid Asexual reproduction 3. Sexual reproduction First cell of gametophyte 4. Part of the Sporophyte generation 5. Formed by meiosis (usually) 5. Formed by fertilization after mitosis Slide 1

Spores and Sporopollenin Slide 1

The Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Chpt 29 Lower Plants “Seedless” Chpt 30 Higher Plants “Seeds” Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms “Conifers” pines, firs, yews, cypress cycads, ginkos, junipers Wisk ferns, WG Mosses liverworts hornworts All flowering plants Examples Club Mosses CMG Horse tails HTG Ferns, Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none No vascular tissue Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none Vascular Tissue Gametophyte dominant, sporophyte dependent Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Alternation of Generation Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporangium, capsule, stalk, foot, calyptra, peristome Leaves, stems, roots, flowers, Upright & horizontal stems, microphylls, sporophylls, strobuli Fronds, Rhizomes, Roots, fiddleheads Sporophyte Morphology Leaves, stems, roots, cones Independent, either photosynthetic, or underground heterotrophic Heart – shaped,, photosynthetic archegonia & antheridia or underground heterotrophic Male- pollen Female- “surviving megaspore” Male- pollen Female- embryo sac Gametophyte Morphology Gametophores, protonema, rhizoids, thallus Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Spore Type Homosporous Homosporous Homosporous Leaf Morphology No true leaves Microphylls Megaphylls, (fronds) Needle-like Megaphylls Broad leaf Megaphylls Sporophylls sporangia, forming cone like strobuli antheridium, archegonium, Cones, (male & female) “naked seeds”, pollen Anth’s & Arch’s Antheridium, archegonium, sporangia Sporangia, sori , sporophyll antheridium, archegonium, Flowers, seeds, fruit Reproductive Structures

The Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Chpt 29 Lower Plants “Seedless” Chpt 30 Higher Plants “Seeds” Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms “Conifers” pines, firs, yews, cypress cycads, ginkos, junipers Wisk ferns, WG Mosses liverworts hornworts All flowering plants Examples Club Mosses CMG Horse tails HTG Ferns, Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none No vascular tissue Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none Vascular Tissue Gametophyte dominant, sporophyte dependent Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Alternation of Generation Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporangium, capsule, stalk, foot, calyptra, peristome Leaves, stems, roots, flowers, Upright & horizontal stems, microphylls, sporophylls, strobuli Fronds, Rhizomes, Roots, fiddleheads Sporophyte Morphology Leaves, stems, roots, cones Independent, either photosynthetic, or underground heterotrophic Heart – shaped,, photosynthetic archegonia & antheridia or underground heterotrophic Male- pollen Female- “surviving megaspore” Male- pollen Female- embryo sac Gametophyte Morphology Gametophores, protonema, rhizoids, thallus Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Spore Type Homosporous Homosporous Homosporous Leaf Morphology No true leaves Microphylls Megaphylls, (fronds) Needle-like Megaphylls Broad leaf Megaphylls Sporophylls sporangia, forming cone like strobuli antheridium, archegonium, Cones, (male & female) “naked seeds”, pollen Anth’s & Arch’s Antheridium, archegonium, sporangia Sporangia, sori , sporophyll antheridium, archegonium, Flowers, seeds, fruit Reproductive Structures