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Importance of Microbiology 2

تاریخچه میکروبیولوژی 3

اهمیت میکروارگانیسم ها 4

Importance of Microbiology 5

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Famous microbiologist In immunology Louis Pasteur ( ). Emil von (1901) Paul Ehrlich in 1912 Margaret Pittman ( ) Gerhard J Domagk (1935) Alexander Fleming (1928) William A Hinton ( Albert Shatz, E Bugie and Selman (1944PLANTS & SOIL Sergei Winogradsky, in 1890, in soil. ) 8

General Microbiology تعریف : میکروارگانیسم ها باچشم غیرمسلح دیده نمی شوند دلیل نیاز به طبقه بندی اولین طبقه بندی موجودات زنده طبقه بندي ميكروارگانيسمها : براساس ساختارهسته : Acaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 9

General Microbiology طبقه بندي براساس سايز سلولي و نحوه ي تغذيه Viruses Bacteria Fungi Algae Protozoa 10

Bacterial Numenclature Binomial nomenclature Genus + Species Example: Escherichia coli Bacillus cereus B. cereus 11

General Microbiology Bacteria Shape Coccus Rod Spirillum Bacteria طول 1-10 ميكرومتر عرض ميكرومتر 12

General Microbiology Bacteria Arrangment 13

Bacteria colony تعریف : اجتماعی از سلولهای میکروبی که از یک سلول والد برروی محیط جامد (Agar media) به وجود میایند رشد باکتری در محیط مایع (Broth) باعث کدورت محیط میشود. 14

Bacteria Observation 15

Bacteria structure 16

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Bacteria structure 18

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Bacterial pilus 23

Bacterial Plasmid and pilli function 24

Bacteril capsule 25

Bacterial Capsule –Negative Staining 26

Capsule Strurcture (Phagocytosis) 27

Bacteria Sheath 28

Bacterial sheath formation 29

Bacterial Fine Structure Cell wall structure 30

Cell wall structure 31

L- form Bacteria 32

Protoplast formation and regeneration 33

Bacterial Flagellum 34

Bacterial Flagellum 35

Bacterial cytoplasmic Membrane 36

Bacterial Capsule 37

Bacterial Outer membrane 38

Bacterial Sheath 39

Protozoa’s Stalk 40

Bacterial Stalk 41

Cytoplasmic membrane 42

Ribosome Structure 43

Bacterial Inclusion Bodies 44

Bacterial Inclusion Bodies 45

Endospore structure 46

Endospore Structure 47

Spore development 48

Organism’s requirements for growth Energey H 2 O Carbon source Nitrogen source Oxygen Vitamin Trace elements Macro elements Co 2 49

Different sources of energeys Light (Phototrophs) Chemicals (Heterotrophs) Different sources of Carbon Atmospheric CO 2 (Autotrophs) Chemicals (Heterorotrophs) 1) Organic compounds (Organotrophs) 2) Inorganic compounds (Litotrophs) 50 Growth requirements

Different steps of Microbial cultivation 1) Preparation of culture medium 2)Preparation of physical factors 3) Inoculation 4) Incubation 51

Different Culture Media Definition of culture medium 1- Natural 2- Syntethic 1- Organic 2- Inorganic 1- Selective 2- Differentica 3- General 52

Physical parameters required for bacterial growth 53

Bacteria classification Kingdom Division Class Order Familly Genus Species Strain 54

Bacteria Classification 55

Live organisms Classification 56

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes 57

Archeabacteria 58

Cyanobacteria 59

Cyanobacteria 60

Cyanobacteria 61

Cyanobacteria colonies 62

Organism reproduction Water Hydrogen source Carbon source Nitrogen source Oxygen Co2 Trace elements Vitamins 63

ClaSSIFICtion of BaCTERIA Acording to their carbon and energy sources Carbon Sources : Autotroph Heterotroph Energy Source: Phototroph Chemeotroph (Chemolitotroph and Chemoorganotroph) 64

Bacterial binary fission 65

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Viruses Definition Classification, according to their host Their main structure Their Morphology 69

Bacteriophages: Definition & History Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and destroy bacteria. They have been referred to as bacterial parasites, with each phage type depending on a single strain of bacteria to act as host. Nucleic acid Nucleic acid Capside Capside Envelope Envelope tail tail

Bacteriophages: Classification At present, over 5000 bacteriophages have been identified by electron microscopy and can be divided into 13 virus families. Based on morphology and nucleic acid are classified

Double stranded DNA, Enveloped Double stranded DNA, Non-enveloped Myoviridae Siphoviridae Podoviridae P2 T2 λ P22 Tectiviridae PRD1 Corticoviridae PM2 Single-stranded DNA Inoviridae M13 & fd Microviridae ΦX174 Leviviridae Single stranded RNA MS2 Lipothrixviridae TTV1 Fuselloviridae SSV1 Plasmaviridae Double stranded RNA phi6 66 Cystoviridae Rudiviridae SIRV 1, 2 13 Bacteriophage families

Bacteriophages: Lysogenic Cycle

Bacteriophages: Lysogenic Conversion Some lysogenic phage carry genes that can enhance the virulence of the bacterial host.  For example, some phage carry genes that encode toxins. These genes, once integrated into the bacterial chromosome, can cause the once harmless bacteria to release potent toxins that can cause disease.

Plant Viruses symptoms 75

Animal Viruses 76

Human Cancer 77