JOURNAL Choose 3 items below to contrast: a.Vascular vs. nonvascular b.Seed vs. seedless c.Angiosperm vs. gymnosperm d.Monocot vs. dicot e.Bryophyte vs. tracheophyte

Flowers

What is the function of the flower? * the reproductive organ of the plant

What are the external features of flowers? a.Petals- colored portion of the flower (corolla- all petals) b.Sepals- small, leaf-like, protect developing flower. (calyx- all sepals)

1. Pistil (carpel): female parts a. Stigma- sticky top of pistil traps pollen b. Style- stalk connecting stigma to ovary c. Ovary- contains ovule, where eggs are found d. Ovule- will become seeds if fertilized What are the internal parts of flower?

2. Stamen- male parts a. Anther- top of stamen, releases pollen b. Filament- stalk attaching anther to stem

1.Complete flowers- contain sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 2. Incomplete flowers- lacking 1 or more organs, may have separately sexed flowers What is the difference between complete & incomplete flowers?

1.Perfect flowers- have both male & female parts 2.Imperfect flowers- have either male OR female parts a.Staminate- only male parts b.Pistilate- only female parts What is the difference between perfect & imperfect flowers?

Define Pollination: transfer of pollen from one plant to another What are some methods of pollination? a. animals: usually brightly colored flowers, produce nectar, sweet smell b. Wind: usually small, non-fragrant flowers c. water

How does fertilization occur? 1. Pollen grain reaches stigma, begins growing a pollen tube. 2. Pollen develops into a sperm which fertilizes ovules in ovary. 3. After fertilization, flower parts die & seed develops

What is a Fruit? A fruit is a ripened ovary containing seeds What is the function of a fruit? 1.protect seed while developing 2.Attract animals to disperse seeds

What are some types of fruits? 1. Simple- formed from single ovary: EX: apple, pear

2. aggregate:- formed from flowers with many ovaries; EX: blackberry 3. Multiple: formed from many fused flowers; EX: pineapple

What are the textures of fruits? 1. Dry- not juicy; hard tissue throughout EX: green beans, rice, corn, wheat, peas 2. Fleshy- juicy; soft tissue throughout EX: tomatoes, grapes, bananas Fleshy Dry

What is a seed? 1.Function to start new generations 2.Dispersal by 1. Animals eat fruits & redeposit seeds Attach to fur & fall off elsewhere 2. Wind 3. water

Seed Germination: sprouting of seed 1. Seed coat splits 2. cotyledon provides energy source for growth 3. radicle is first plant part to emerge, grows down, & develops into primary root 4. hypocotyl lengthens as root grows 5. as growth continues, cotyledon & hypocotyl emerge from soil 6. leaves & stems eventually turns green & begins to photosynthesize

Why are seeds a good adaptation for land plants? 1.Protect embryo from physical injury 2.Protects from harsh environments- winter 3.Retains moisture 4.Adaptations aid in seed dispersal so young plants do not compete with adult plants.