ENGL 1301

 Unity  Topic Sentence  Adequate Development  Organization  Coherence

 Connecting Words and Phrases  Repeating Key Words or Mixing Nouns and their Pronouns  Parallelism

What Is Parallelism? Repetition of grammatical form to express a series of equivalent ideas. It adds rhythm and balance.

 Engage Audience  Announce Topic and Briefly Acquaint Reader with It  May Directly State Thesis  Can Map Out the Way the Writing Will Progress  Usually Single Paragraph for Short Essay, may be more for a longer essay

 Engage the reader!  Set the tone What Is Tone? Tone is author’s attitude towards the topic. Tone of voice is conveyed through word choice, syntax, punctuation, rhythm, sentence length.

 Anecdote or Brief Personal Experience  Arresting Statement  Definition  Interesting Details/Description  Question  Quotation

 Stating What You Are Doing  Stating a Cliché  Making a Sweeping Generalization

 Summarize Previous Ideas  Repeat the Thesis  Point to Ideas to Follow

 Summary  Question  Ironic Twist or Surprising Observation  Clever or Light- Hearted Ending  Personal Challenge  Hope or Recommendation  Book End Technique

 Don’t Introduce New Materials  Don’t Tack on an Ending  Don’t Apologize  Don’t Moralize

 Avoid Wordiness  Vary Sentence Length and Complexity ◦ Simple sentences ◦ Coordination (and) ◦ Subordination (because, although—shows relationship) ◦ Relative clauses (who and that—modify) ◦ Prepositional phrases (around) ◦ Participle (ing) and infinitive (to) phrases ◦ Intentional fragment

Independent clause—subject + verb Inverted order (questions) Expletive constructions (there and it begin sentence)

Position of moveable modifiers (beware of misplaced or dangling modifiers)  modifiers after main statement  modifiers before main statement  modifiers within main statement

 Parallelism—same grammatical construction  Balance—parallel constructions divided by pivot point (word or punctuation)

 Active voice (subject active)  Passive voice (subject has something done to it)

 Word meanings  Concrete versus Abstract Words  Specific and General Terms  Use Dictionary  Level of Diction—depends on writer’s purpose and audience  Formal  Informal  Technical writing  Colloquial or slang

 Denotation  Connotation  Objective tone

 Figurative language—use of concrete words in a non-literal way to create images that catch and hold reader’s attention ◦ Simile and Metaphor ◦ Personification ◦ Overstatement/hyperbole ◦ Understatement