Carbon Compounds – Organic Chemistry Carbon Compounds – Organic Chemistry Why is carbon the building blocks of life? 4 outer electrons – bonding opportunity 4 outer electrons – bonding opportunity Forms strong covalent bonds – stable Forms strong covalent bonds – stable What is organic chemistry? The study of compounds that contain carbon.

Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins

Simple to Complex Monomers – small molecules Monomers – small molecules Polymers – made from monomers during polymerization Polymers – made from monomers during polymerization

Carbohydrates Consist of C, H, O Consist of C, H, O Ratio of 1:2:1 – C 6 H 12 O 6 Ratio of 1:2:1 – C 6 H 12 O 6 Main source of energy in all organisms Main source of energy in all organisms Used for structural purposes Used for structural purposes

Monosaccharides – simple sugars Used for quick energy Used for quick energy Monomers Monomers Examples: Glucose – blood sugar Fructose – fruit sugar Galactose – a component of milk

Disaccharides – 2 sugars Quick energy Quick energy Examples Sucrose – sugar cane Lactose – milk sugar Maltose – important for fermentation

Polysaccharides – many sugars Long chains of simple sugars (polymers) Long chains of simple sugars (polymers) Stored energy – released slowly Stored energy – released slowly

How to make Polymers 20 Amino acids make up our proteins 20 Amino acids make up our proteins Monomers link together to form polymers Monomers link together to form polymers The process is called dehydration Synthesis The process is called dehydration Synthesis This removes a molecule of water This removes a molecule of water

How to break down polymers By adding water, it will break (lyse) the bond between the monomer. By adding water, it will break (lyse) the bond between the monomer. People that are lactose intolerant are unable to do this because they lack the enzyme lactase. People that are lactose intolerant are unable to do this because they lack the enzyme lactase. What do enzymes do? What do enzymes do?

Examples: Starch – stored in plants Starch – stored in plants ex. Grains, pastas Glycogen – stored in animal muscle Glycogen – stored in animal muscle Cellulose – used for structural purposes (cell walls) Cellulose – used for structural purposes (cell walls)

Starch Glucose Figure 2-13 A Starch

Lipids - Fats Consist mainly of C and H Consist mainly of C and H Examples – fats, oils, waxes Uses Structural Purposes – cell membranes/water proof coverings Structural Purposes – cell membranes/water proof coverings Energy Storage Energy Storage Chemical Messengers – component of steroids Chemical Messengers – component of steroids

Storage

Steroids EstrogenTestosterone

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated Fats solids at room temperature solids at room temperature butter, lard, animal fat butter, lard, animal fat maximum number of C-H bonds maximum number of C-H bonds Heart disease/Hardening of the arteries Heart disease/Hardening of the arteries Unsaturated Fats Liquids at room temperature Liquids at room temperature Olive oil, corn oil Olive oil, corn oil Double bonds Double bonds

Nucleic Acids – DNA/RNA Consist of H, C, O, N and P Consist of H, C, O, N and P Store and transmit genetic (hereditary) information Store and transmit genetic (hereditary) information Made of nucleotides (monomers) Made of nucleotides (monomers) We have only 4 kinds of nucleotides. We have only 4 kinds of nucleotides.

Proteins Made of amino acids (monomers) we have 20 different ones Made of amino acids (monomers) we have 20 different ones Consist of C, H, N, and O Consist of C, H, N, and O Used for: Control and regulate chemical reactions (enzymes) Control and regulate chemical reactions (enzymes) Structural purposes (muscle and bone) Structural purposes (muscle and bone) Transportation in and out of cells Transportation in and out of cells Fighting Disease Fighting Disease

The Amino bonds to the Carboxylic Acid

Enzymes

What would happen to your cells if they made a poisonous chemical ? What would happen to your cells if they made a poisonous chemical ? It happens all the time It happens all the time They don’t die because your cells use enzymes to break them down into harmless substances. They don’t die because your cells use enzymes to break them down into harmless substances.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of reactions. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of reactions. Liver and other living tissues contain the enzyme catalase. Liver and other living tissues contain the enzyme catalase. This enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 This enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 2H 2 O 2 →2H 2 O + O 2 2H 2 O 2 →2H 2 O + O 2

H 2 O 2 is a toxic substance to your cells. H 2 O 2 is a toxic substance to your cells.

Enzyme Structure and Function Enzymes are catalytic molecules They speed the rate at which reactions approach equilibrium

Enzyme Structure and Function Enzymes are catalytic molecules They speed the rate at which reactions approach equilibrium

Four Features of Enzymes 1) Enzymes do not make anything happen that could not happen on its own. They just make it happen much faster 2) Reactions do not alter or use up enzyme molecules

Four Features of Enzymes 3) The same enzyme usually works for both the forward and reverse reactions 4) Each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to only certain substrates Lock and Key

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Activation Energy For a reaction to occur, an energy barrier must be surmounted For a reaction to occur, an energy barrier must be surmounted Enzymes make the energy barrier smaller Enzymes make the energy barrier smaller activation energy without enzyme activation energy with enzyme energy released by the reaction products starting substance

Effect of Temperature Small increase in temperature increases molecular collisions, reaction rates Small increase in temperature increases molecular collisions, reaction rates High temperatures disrupt bonds and destroy the shape of active site High temperatures disrupt bonds and destroy the shape of active site

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity TemperaturepH Salt concentration