Separator design, formula and construction to maintain electrical performance of the lead acid battery

Source: Nielsen Media Index & TGI Survey

Sources: US Census Bureau and Times Atlas of the World, tenth edition

Source: www.weatherbase.com

Rubber Separators PE Separators

Water Loss Test + 40% Improvement 21 Days Overcharge 2.4 V/Cell at 40 °C Positive PbSb 1.6 % / Negative PbCa – 2 Shot Formation Water Loss [g/Ah] PE Separator Daramic HP+ + 40% Improvement

Water Loss 25% Improvement 21 Days Overcharge 2.4 V/Cell at 40 °C Positive PbCa / Negative PbCa – 2 Shot Formation Water Loss [g/Ah] PE Separator DARAMIC HP+ 25% Improvement

Increased Heat and Gassing Antimony Released from Positive Grid Results in Loss of Capacity and Battery Failure Higher Recharge Currents Antimony Poisons Negative Electrode Negative Electrode Depolarizes

Rubber

PVC Rubber

PVC Standard PE Rubber

PVC Standard PE Rubber Daramic HD

Oxidation Resistance Increase Separator Back-web Thickness Increase Mass, Electrical Resistance and Acid Displacement Laminate Glassmat to Separator Prevents Shedding, Adds Component Formulation Changes Polymer and Anti-Oxidant

Oxidation Resistance Test – Perox 80 Measure Separator Mechanical Properties Elongation, Puncture Resistance Soak Separator in Oxidizing Solution Hydrogen Peroxide / Sulfuric Acid Elevated Temperature 80 degree C Measure Remaining Separator Properties After Soaking various times (e.g. 20, 40, … hours) Determine Rate of Oxidation with Drop in Mechanical Properties

Daramic HP End of Life < 100%

Daramic HP + Daramic HP 25% Longer End of Life < 100%

Standard PE Separator

Additive Level PE Separator with additive Standard PE Separator

Asian Market Summary SLI, Stationary and Motive Power Batteries High Population Densities Elevated Ambient Temperature Use of Antimony Alloy

Elevated Temp & Antimony Alloy SLI Application Water Loss => Battery Dry-Out Rubber Additive to PE Separator Daramic HP+ Motive Power and Deep Cycle Application Negative Electrode Poisoning Loss of Capacity Daramic HD Oxidation Resistance Rubber increases protection ~ 25%

SLI Application Characteristic Units Daramic HP Daramic HP+ (1) Profile   UI Rubber Additive No Yes Back-web Thickness microns 200 Puncture Resistance N 13.3 13.0 Electrical Resistance mohms-cm2 48.1 50.0 Porosity % 59.9 58.5 Acid Wet-out seconds 9.4 15.6 Residual Oil wt % Back-web 10.4 Total 16.2 16.5 CMD Elongation 368 414 Oxidation Resistance PEROX CMD Elongation 20 hours 274 360 CMD Elongation 40 hours 112 214 Acid Shrinkage 0.44 0.31 (1) US Patent 5,221,587 W. Boehnstedt et.al

Deep Cycle Application Characteristic Units Daramic CL Daramic HD (1) Profile   BC Rubber Additive No Yes Back-web Thickness microns 500 Electrical Resistance mohms-cm2 265 210 Porosity % 57.4 54.3 Ash Content wt % 69.3 72.8 Residual Oil Back-web 14.8 15.1 Total 20.4 20.5 CMD Elongation 256 339 Oxidation Resistance PEROX CMD Elongation 20 hours 132 226 Acid Shrinkage 1.3 1.2 (1) US Patent 5,221,587 W. Boehnstedt et.al

Taipei 101

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