The Scramble for Africa

GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA Continent – not a country Continent is three times larger than Europe Northern Africa – desert Sub-Saharan Africa – diverse climates and topography

THE “DARK” CONTINENT “Dark Continent” – racist terminology referred to the people of Africa In reality, Africa has diverse groups of people with their own unique cultures and histories – Civilizations – Languages – Religions

FOREIGN HISTORY IN AFRICA Arab traders converted many North Africans to Islam Source of slaves for the Americas from the 17 th century

The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA Mid-1800s Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa

DAVID LIVINGSTONE ( ) Scottish missionary – lived in central Africa – Explored Africa Named Lake Victoria after the British queen – Converted many Africans to Christianity – Wrote books on Africa which increased foreign interest

HENRY STANLEY ( ) Welsh-American reporter Worked with Belgium’s King Leopold II and his African colonization company called the International African Society

KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM ( ) Took over land in central Africa – Leopold criticized for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo His actions started a European race for African colonies – “Scramble for Africa” – Diamonds, gold, ivory and rubber most important

BRITISH IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Boer War ( ) Why? because gold was discovered there! – British won British took Cape Colony from the Dutch – Boers (Dutch colonists) moved north

BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA

BRITISH IN NORTHERN AFRICA Cape-to-Cairo Railroad – Railroad from South Africa to North Africa – Never completed

Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls

AFRICANS IN AFRICA Only 2 independent African countries, everything else was colonized Ethiopia – Ruled by dynasty stretching back to at least the 1200’s Liberia – Formed by freed slaves under auspices of the United States government

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.What led to the “Scramble for Africa”? 2.Which European nations controlled the most land in Africa? 3.Who led British imperialism in Africa? 4.Which African nations were left independent at the time of World War I?