 before this meeting 80% of Africa was under local & traditional control… …after this meeting 90% of Africa was under European control.

 The purpose was for European countries to have spheres of influence over areas  To gain their raw materials for industry  As a status symbol  Clashes between Germany and France over Morocco, between Britain and France over Sudan  Tension from this colonial system led to WWI, which is why Wilson’s 14 Points included a part about adjusting colonies to take care of the people inside them

 Another name for imperialism/colonialism?  Victorious nations would “administer” (rule?) old colonies  See LoN document—answer:  1. According to Source A, why was the mandate system established?  2. In what ways could it be argued that Article 22 still allowed the victorious powers to increase their influence and power?  3. What other name does Source A give to the victorious powers?

 Category A: most developed; Turkish colonies (Syria-France, Iraq-Britain, Palestine-Britain); should be administered for a short period  Category B: former Germany colonies in Africa; need more time and supervision before independence  Category C: Pacific colonies; pretty much stayed colonies

 No real authority to watch over the mandates  Mandatory powers (Britain, France, etc) were supposed to send an annual report  When there was unrest in a mandate country, the LoN set up a committee to check it out, and did a pretty good job of it

 The former Ottoman territories were turned into mandates:  Syria to France (never able to control it very well— remember Faisal had a stint as ruler, then left)  Iraq to Britain (brought in Faisal eventually to rule)  Transjordan to Britain  Palestine to Britain  Series of bad/contradictory promises led to tension between Jews and Palestinian Arabs

 Britain gained Eastern territories of Africa from Germany  France ended up with most of West Africa  ^ Supports the idea that the mandate system was just imperialism  But, the African mandates (and former colonies) did all gain independence (1950s & 1960s)  Bigger but, the mandate system did not reduce the gap between the “advanced” people and the “backward” people, so the aim of establishing racial equality failed.

 Choose an African mandate during the inter-war years. Decide if the mandate system helped or hindered its development.