ADVANCING VOCABULARY SKILLS Fourth Edition Sherrie L. Nist © 2010 Townsend Press

Unit Four: Chapter 23 • analogy • placebo • annihilation • proficient • criterion • staunch • emanate • subversive • holistic • vindicate Page 126 in textbook.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 analogy – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 analogy – noun • To help students understand vision, teachers often draw an analogy between the eye and a camera. • The commencement address, titled “You Are the Captain of Your Ship,” used the analogy of life as an ocean-going vessel that the captain must steer between rocks. Analogy means A. a picture. B. a comparison. C. a standard. Page 126 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 analogy – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 analogy – noun • To help students understand vision, teachers often draw an analogy between the eye and a camera. • The commencement address, titled “You Are the Captain of Your Ship,” used the analogy of life as an ocean-going vessel that the captain must steer between rocks. Analogy means A. a picture. B. a comparison. C. a standard. Page 126 in textbook. Teachers would draw a comparison between the eye and a camera to explain vision. In the second item, the title and description of the address suggest that the word analogy means “a comparison.”

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 annihilate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 annihilate – verb • The movie was about a plot to annihilate entire cities by poisoning their water supply. • “Universal Destroyer” is a warlike video game in which the aim is to annihilate the opponents. Annihilate means A. to escape from. B. to seize. C. to wipe out. Page 126 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 annihilate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 annihilate – verb • The movie was about a plot to annihilate entire cities by poisoning their water supply. • “Universal Destroyer” is a warlike video game in which the aim is to annihilate the opponents. Annihilate means A. to escape from. B. to seize. C. to wipe out. Page 126 in textbook. Poisoning a city’s water supply would wipe out the city. The name “Universal Destroyer” suggests that the aim of the game is to wipe out the opponents.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 criterion – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 criterion – noun • One criterion by which writing teachers judge a paper is clear organization. • Some advertisers aren’t concerned about telling the truth. Their only criterion for a good commercial is selling the product. Criterion means A. a standard. B. a beginning. C. an answer. Page 126 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 criterion – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 criterion – noun • One criterion by which writing teachers judge a paper is clear organization. • Some advertisers aren’t concerned about telling the truth. Their only criterion for a good commercial is selling the product. Criterion means A. a standard. B. a beginning. C. an answer. Page 126 in textbook. Writing teachers use standards (such as clear organization) to judge a paper. Telling the truth is one standard advertisers could use to judge a commercial (but some advertisers choose to ignore that standard).

Light emanating from the setting sun TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 4 emanate – verb • As the cinnamon bread baked, a wonderful smell emanated from the kitchen. • The screeching and scraping emanating from Keisha’s bedroom tell me that she is practicing her violin. Emanate means A. to disappear. B. to come out. C. to expand. Page 126 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer. Light emanating from the setting sun

Light emanating from the setting sun TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 4 emanate – verb • As the cinnamon bread baked, a wonderful smell emanated from the kitchen. • The screeching and scraping emanating from Keisha’s bedroom tell me that she is practicing her violin. Emanate means A. to disappear. B. to come out. C. to expand. Page 126 in textbook. Baking cinnamon bread would cause a wonderful smell to come out of the kitchen. If Keisha is practicing her violin, the screeching and scraping would come out of her room. Light emanating from the setting sun

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 holistic – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 5 holistic – adjective • A good drug center takes a holistic approach to treatment, seeing each client not just as “an addict” but as a whole person. Along with medical aid, it provides emotional support, individual and family counseling, and follow-up services. • Eastern cultures tend to take a more holistic view of learning than Western societies, focusing on the whole rather than analyzing parts. Holistic means A. easygoing. B. concerned with the whole. C. nonfinancial. Page 126 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 holistic – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 5 holistic – adjective • A good drug center takes a holistic approach to treatment, seeing each client not just as “an addict” but as a whole person. Along with medical aid, it provides emotional support, individual and family counseling, and follow-up services. • Eastern cultures tend to take a more holistic view of learning than Western societies, focusing on the whole rather than analyzing parts. Holistic means A. easygoing. B. concerned with the whole. C. nonfinancial. Page 126 in textbook. In both items, the word whole suggests that holistic means “concerned with the whole.”

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 placebo – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 6 placebo – noun • When the little boy had a headache and there was no aspirin in the house, his mother gave him a placebo: a small candy that she told him was a “pain pill.” It seemed to work—his headache went away. • The doctor lost his license when it was found that the pills for depression he had been giving to many of his patients were actually a placebo—just sugar pills. Placebo means A. a fake medicine. B. a over-the-counter pill. C. an expensive cure. Page 126 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 placebo – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 6 placebo – noun • When the little boy had a headache and there was no aspirin in the house, his mother gave him a placebo: a small candy that she told him was a “pain pill.” It seemed to work—his headache went away. • The doctor lost his license when it was found that the pills for depression he had been giving to many of his patients were actually a placebo—just sugar pills. Placebo means A. a fake medicine. B. a over-the-counter pill. C. an expensive cure. Page 126 in textbook. If the mother gave the little boy a small candy and said it was a “pain pill,” she gave him a fake medicine. If the doctor gave his patients sugar pills instead of pills for depression, he was giving them fake medicine.

of high wire performers TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 7 proficient – adjective • It’s not all that hard to become proficient on a computer. Be patient, and you’ll develop the necessary skill. • Wayne is a proficient woodworker. He is able to make professional-quality desks, bookshelves, and cabinets. Proficient means A. expert. B. hard-working. C. enthusiastic. Page 127 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer. A proficient pair of high wire performers

of high wire performers TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 7 proficient – adjective • It’s not all that hard to become proficient on a computer. Be patient, and you’ll develop the necessary skill. • Wayne is a proficient woodworker. He is able to make professional-quality desks, bookshelves, and cabinets. Proficient means A. expert. B. hard-working. C. enthusiastic. Page 127 in textbook. The word skill suggests that proficient means “expert.” If Wayne makes professional-quality furniture, he is an expert woodworker. A proficient pair of high wire performers

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 staunch – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 8 staunch – adjective • Although the mayor had been accused of taking bribes, he still had some staunch supporters. • The newspaper’s astrological predictions are often way off the mark, yet Teresa remains a staunch believer in astrology and checks her horoscope every day. Staunch means A. busy. B. unsteady. C. faithful. Page 127 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 staunch – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 8 staunch – adjective • Although the mayor had been accused of taking bribes, he still had some staunch supporters. • The newspaper’s astrological predictions are often way off the mark, yet Teresa remains a staunch believer in astrology and checks her horoscope every day. Staunch means A. busy. B. unsteady. C. faithful. Page 127 in textbook. In spite of the accusations, the mayor had some faithful supporters. If Teresa checks her horoscope every day (in spite of the inaccuracy of the predictions), she must be a faithful believer in astrology.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 subversive – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 9 subversive – adjective • To some Americans, criticizing the President is a subversive act, aimed at undermining his power. To others, it is simply an example of freedom of speech. • The so-called “consulting company” was a cover for subversive activities; it was actually a ring of antigovernment agents. Subversive means A. having faith. B. intended to destroy. C. blameless. Page 127 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 subversive – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 9 subversive – adjective • To some Americans, criticizing the President is a subversive act, aimed at undermining his power. To others, it is simply an example of freedom of speech. • The so-called “consulting company” was a cover for subversive activities; it was actually a ring of antigovernment agents. Subversive means A. having faith. B. intended to destroy. C. blameless. Page 127 in textbook. An act aimed at undermining the President’s power would be an act that is intended to destroy him. A ring of antigovernment agents would carry out activities intended to destroy the government.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 vindicate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 10 vindicate – verb • When Kai was accused of cheating on a geometry test, he vindicated himself by reciting several theorems from memory, proving that he knew the material. • In our society, people falsely accused of crimes often must spend a great deal of money on legal fees in order to vindicate themselves. Vindicate means A. to prove innocent. B. to make a commitment. C. to weaken. Page 127 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 vindicate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 10 vindicate – verb • When Kai was accused of cheating on a geometry test, he vindicated himself by reciting several theorems from memory, proving that he knew the material. • In our society, people falsely accused of crimes often must spend a great deal of money on legal fees in order to vindicate themselves. Vindicate means A. to prove innocent. B. to make a commitment. C. to weaken. Page 127 in textbook. If Kai proved he knew the material, he proved himself innocent of the accusation of cheating on the test. People falsely accused would want to prove themselves innocent.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 1. During the Vietnam War, some protesters poured blood over draft records. Supporters of the war considered this a __________ act. 2. Passenger pigeons no longer exist. They were _______(e)d by hunters. Page 128 in textbook. Answers: 1. subversive; 2. annihilate The next slide explains the answers.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 1. During the Vietnam War, some protesters poured blood over draft records. Supporters of the war considered this a __________ act. subversive To war supporters, the act seemed intended to undermine the government. 2. Passenger pigeons no longer exist. They were __________ by hunters. annihilated Page 128 in textbook. If passenger pigeons no longer exist, they must have been destroyed completely.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 3. I’m a __________ fan of Alicia Keys. I have all her recordings. 4. One __________ used to judge the children’s artwork was their use of vivid colors. Page 128 in textbook. Answers: 3. staunch; 4. criterion; 5. proficient The next slide explains the answers. 5. Although I’m quite a good cook, I’m not very __________ at baking. My pies tend to be runny, and my bread won’t rise.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 3. I’m a __________ fan of Alicia Keys. I have all her recordings. staunch Someone who has all of Keys’s recordings must be a loyal fan. 4. One __________ used to judge the children’s artwork was their use of vivid colors. criterion Page 128 in textbook. People use standards when judging artwork. 5. Although I’m quite a good cook, I’m not very __________ at baking. My pies tend to be runny, and my bread won’t rise. proficient If the pies are runny and the bread won’t rise, the person is not a very skilled baker.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 6. As the garbage-collectors’ strike went into its third week, a dreadful odor began to __________ from all the garbage bags piled up in the city streets. 7. Explaining the importance of using a search engine to find information on the Internet, the instructor used a(n) _______. “The Internet is a huge ocean. The search engine is a guide showing you the best places to fish.” Page 128 in textbook. Answers: 6. emanate; 7. analogy The next slide explains the answers.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 6. As the garbage-collectors’ strike went into its third week, a dreadful odor began to __________ from all the garbage bags piled up in the city streets. emanate A dreadful odor would come out of the piled-up bags of garbage. 7. Explaining the importance of using a search engine to find information on the Internet, the instructor used an ________. “The Internet is a huge ocean. The search engine is a guide showing you the best places to fish.” analogy Page 128 in textbook. The instructor’s statement is an example of a comparison used to clarify a point.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 8. A __________ view of business would take into account not just profits but also such things as the work environment and employees’ job satisfaction. 9. Accused of shoplifting, the customer insisted that she had already paid for the items. She was _______(e)d when she pulled the receipt out of her purse. Page 128 in textbook. Answers: 8. holistic; 9. vindicate; 10. placebo The next slide explains the answers. 10. To test a new painkiller, researchers gave it to one group of volunteers, while a second group got a __________, identical in appearance to the new medicine but with no built-in power to relieve pain.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. analogy B. annihilate C. criterion D. emanate E. holistic F. placebo G. proficient H. staunch I. subversive J. vindicate 8. A __________ view of business would take into account not just profits but also such things as the work environment and employees’ job satisfaction. holistic The sentence describes a business view that emphasizes the whole picture. 9. Accused of shoplifting, the customer insisted that she had already paid for the items. She was __________ when she pulled the receipt out of her purse. vindicated Page 128 in textbook. Having the receipt would clear her from the accusation of shoplifting. 10. To test a new painkiller, researchers gave it to one group of volunteers, while a second group got a __________, identical in appearance to the new medicine but with no built-in power to relieve pain. placebo The second group got a substance that was a fake medicine.