Figure 4-1 (p. 78) (a) RLC network. (b) State diagram.

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Figure 4-1 (p. 78) (a) RLC network. (b) State diagram. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-2 (p. 79) (a) Network of Example 4-2. (b) State diagram. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-3 (p. 81) Force-mass system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-4 (p. 81) Force-spring system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-5 (p. 82) Dashpot for viscous friction. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-6 (p. 82) Frictional relationships of linear and nonlinear frictional forces. (a) Viscous friction. (b) Static friction. (c) Coulomb friction. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-7 (p. 83) Torque-inertia system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-8 (p. 84) Torque torsional spring system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-9 (p. 85) Rotary-to-linear motion control system (lead screw). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-10 (p. 85) Rotary-to-linear motion control system (rack and pinion). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-11 (p. 86) Rotary-to-linear motion-control system (belt and pulley). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-12 (p. 86) Gear train. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-13 (p. 87) Gear train with friction and inertia. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-14 (p. 88) Physical model of backlash between two mechanical elements. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-15 (p. 89) Input-output characteristic of backlash. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-16 (p. 90) (a) Mass-spring-friction system Figure 4-16 (p. 90) (a) Mass-spring-friction system. (b) Free-body diagram (c) State diagram. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-17 (p. 91) Mechanical system for Example 4-5 Figure 4-17 (p. 91) Mechanical system for Example 4-5. (a) Mass-spring-friction system. (b) Free-body diagram. (c) State diagram. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-18 (p. 92) Electric network analogous to the mechanical system in Fig. 4-17. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-19 (p. 92) Rotational system for Example 4-6. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-20 (p. 93) (a) Motor-load system. (b) Free-body diagram. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-21 (p. 94) State diagram of the system of Fig. 4-20. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-22 (p. 95) Ten-turn rotary potentiometer (courtesy of Helipot Division of Beckman Instruments, Inc. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-23 (p. 95) Linear motion potentiometer with built-in operational amplifier (courtesy of Waters Manufacturing, Inc.) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-24 (p. 96) Electric circuit representation of a potentiometer. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-25 (p. 96) (a) Potentiometer used as a position indicator Figure 4-25 (p. 96) (a) Potentiometer used as a position indicator. (b) Two potentiometers used to sense the positions of two shafts. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-26 (p. 97) Block diagram representation of potentiometer arrangements in Fig. 4-25. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-27 (p. 97) (a) A dc-motor, position-control system with potentiometers as error sensors. (b) Typical waveforms of signals in the control system of part (a). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-28 (p. 98) (a) An ac-control system with potentiometers as error detectors. (b) Typical waveforms of signals in the control system of part (a). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-29 (p. 99) Velocity-control system with tachometer feedback. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-30 (p. 100) Position-control system with tachometer feedback. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-31 (p. 101) Rotary incremental encoder (courtesy of DISC Instruments, Inc.). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-32 (p. 101) Linear incremental encoder (courtesy of DISC Instruments, Inc.). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-33 (p. 101) Typical incremental optomechanics. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-34 (p. 102) (a) Typical rectangular output waveform of a single-channel encoder device (bidirectional). (b) Typical dual-channel encoder signals in quadrature (bidirectional). Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-35 (p. 102) (a) Typical sinusoidal output waveform of a single-channel encoder device. (b) Typical dual-channel encoder signals in quadrature. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-36 (p. 103) One cycle of the output signals of a dual-channel incremental encoder. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-37 (p. 104) Torque production in a dc motor. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-38 (p. 105) Cross-section view of a permanent-magnet (PM) iron-core dc motor. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-39 (p. 105) Cross-section view of a surface-wound permanent-magnet (PM) dc motor. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-40 (p. 106) Cross-section view of a surface-wound permanent-magnet (PM) dc motor. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-41 (p. 106) Cross-section side view of a moving-coil dc motor. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-42 (p. 107) Cross-section view of a brushless, permanent-magnet (PM) iron-core dc motor. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-43 (p. 107) Model of a separately excited dc motor. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-44 (p. 108) State diagram of a dc-motor system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-45 (p. 109) Block diagram of a dc-motor system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-46 (p. 112) Nonlinear control system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-47 (p. 113) Magnetic-ball-suspension system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-48 (p. 115) Systems with transportation lag. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-49 (p. 116) Schematic diagram of a sun-seeker system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-50 (p. 117) Coordinate system of the sun-seeker system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-51 (p. 118) Nonlinear characteristic of the error discriminator. The abscissa is tan α, but it is approximated by α for small values of α. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4-52 (p. 119) Block diagram of the sun-seeker system. Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-1 (p. 122) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-2 (p. 123) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-3 (p. 123) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-4 (p. 124) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-5 (p. 124) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-6 (p. 124) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-7 (p. 125) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-8 (p. 125) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-9 (p. 125) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-10 (p. 126) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-11 (p. 126) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-13 (p. 127) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-13 (p. 127) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-14 (p. 128) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-15 (p. 129) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-16 (p. 130) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-17 (p. 131) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-18 (p. 131) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-19 (p. 133) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-21 (p. 134) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-22 (p. 135) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-23 (p. 136) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-24 (p. 137) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 4P-25 (p. 137) Automated Control Systems, 8/E by Benjamin C. Kuo and Farid Golnaraghi Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.