Mapping the Cortex To be human, more does matter

Brains of Mammals More cortical surface area KW 2-2

Hemispheres Two brains in one

Lobes Based on skull bones

Phrenology Franz Gall

Broca’s discovery Neuorologist working in Paris in 1860’s Patient called “Tan” Understood commands Couldn’t speak After Tan’s death, Broca found area of damage in frontal lobe

Tan’s Brain Broca presented case study on Tan in 1862

Korbinian Brodmann Neurologist Research suggested by Alois Alzheimer Mapped the cell structure of the brain 52 discrete areas First complete and accurate map (1909)

Brodmann Areas of Cortex Numbered areas to changes in cell structure Kw 2-21

Penfield’s Neurosurgery Wilder Penfield: A pioneer in neurosurgery Temporal lobe epilepsy First studies of living, reacting brain

Motor and Sensory Cortex Motor and Sensory strips One of Penfield’s discoveries KW 2-22 Note difference in cell structure: Brodmann maps

Motor and Sensory Strips Homunculus

Sensory strip contains Skin Sensations –pressure –warmth –cold –pain

Also on sensory strip are Kinesthesis –the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts Vestibular Sense –the sense of body movement and position –including the sense of balance

Motor and Sensory Strips Homunculus

Contralateral Control KW 2-32

Sensory and Motor Strips Contralateral control Amount of cortex related to abilities not size of body area Sensory and motor side by side

Visual Areas KW 8-17

Visual cortex responds Functional MRI scan of the visual cortex activated by light shown in the subject’s eyes`

Auditory Areas KW 9-12

Broca’s area Broca’s located next to motor strip area for face (light blue) KW 9-17 Broca’s area

Carl Wernicke Born in Poland Educated in Germany Psychiatry and neurology Studies on receptive aphasia in 1874 Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe

Wernicke’s area Patient unable to comprehend commands Able to speak but speech lacked meaning Wernicke’s area next to auditory area on temporal lobe

Thought to Spoken Word KW 9-17

Prefrontal Lobes Area just behind the forehead Frontal lobes

Prefrontal Cortex KW 11-16

Prefrontal Cortex and Limbic System KW 11-15

Limbic and Frontal Lobes KW Limbic system and fontal lobes interact to control behavior

Egas Moniz Portuguese neurologist and politician Developed angiogram to visualize blood supply to brain Frontal lobe surgery Nobel prize in 1949

Lobotomy First lobotomy in US preformed in 1937 by Walter Freeman Calming effect Less anxious Lack of care and concern Loss of motivation KW 11-24

Phineas Gage

Gage’s rock drilling

Gage Recreated New imaging techniques allow us to see how rod passed through Gage’s frontal lobes. KW 1-5

Visiting Gage Site For directions, visit Gage website at

PET Scanner KW 9-20

PET Scan Images KW 9-21

That’s all folks.