1QQ # 14 for 10:30 1.To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show ONLY those synapses that use acetylcholine on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites? 2.To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show ONLY those synapses that use EPI and NE on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites?
1QQ # 14 for 11:30 1.To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show all the synapses on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites? 2.To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show ONLY those synapses that use EPI and NE on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites?
Figure 6.38 S 10
Figure 6.39 Components of gray matter Amygdala & Hippocampus S 11
How do we know the functions of various brain regions? a) Correlations of deficits of stroke and accident victims with brain regions affected. b) Selective ablations/coolings c) Selective electrical and chemical microstimulation d) fMRI e) Genetic knockouts i) Dr. Hettes’s experiments on rats ii) Neurologist Wilder Penfield & Epilepsy Analogy: experiments to discover the function of a battery in a car. S 12
S 13 Wilder Penfield and Epilepsy
Homunculus = representation of body parts Somatotopy = adjacent regions of the body are represented by adjacent regions in the cerebral cortex. S 14 Somatosensory cortex = post-central gyrus
Explanation for Cervical and lumbar enlargements of spinal cord. Spinal nerves named for vertebral level. Using patient’s localization of symptoms with knowledge of dermatomes to determine which spinal nerve is affected by damage. Epidural injections into region of cauda equina of Lidocaine-like agents to block action potentials in sensory and motor axons without risk of damage to spinal cord S 10
Dermatomes S 3 How might this information be clinically useful? Who cares? Surgery for chronic back pain Shingles
Cranial Nerves S 4 Challenge: Identify the deficits associated with damage to a given cranial nerve.
Vision Hearing & Equilibrium !!! S 5 Spinal On Old Fat Olympus’ Treeless A Top Study the Simpler Table Distributed in Class! Be ready for a 5 Question Quiz based on that table. Study the Simpler Table Distributed in Class! Be ready for a 5 Question Quiz based on that table.
Figure 6.43 Locations of neuronal cell bodies, ganglia, pharmacology of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at skeletal muscle (nAChR) Diagram of NMJ compared to synaptic varicosities characteristic of autonomic postganglionic axons. Locations and proximities of target cells and distributions of receptors on target cells. Somatic = excitatory only at NMJ (ex. Reduced muscle tone) Autonomic= exitatory or inhibitory depending on NTs and their receptors. S 6 ACh & nAChR
Figure 6.44 Parasympathetic (cranio-sacral) division) Sympathetic (thoraco-lumbar) division S 7
Figure 6.46 Adrenal medulla is modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes mainly EPI Antagonist = Curare Antagonist = Atropine S 8
Table 6.11 S 10 Emotional Thermoregulatory mAChR Study the Simpler Table Distributed in Class! Be ready for a 5 Question Quiz based on that table. Study the Simpler Table Distributed in Class! Be ready for a 5 Question Quiz based on that table.
Why activation of the sympathetic division has widespread effects. S 8
S 9
Nerves & Ganglia Tracts, pathways, commissures Nuclei Control of digestive functions in quadraplegics via enteric nervous system. 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Skeletal Muscle Vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium Touch, pain, temperature, proprioception Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands S 3 Vessel stretch, O 2, CO 2, etc.
Dorsal roots = sensory (afferent) Ventral roots = motor (efferent, both somatic and autonomic) Gray matter regions of brain and spinal cord “Pinched nerves” and bulging discs Ascending and descending axonal tracts in white matter not anatomically delineated. Atlanta-Boston flight Origin-Destination Naming of white matter tracts….. S 9