The US Drifts Toward War The Neutrality Acts ( ) The Neutrality Acts ( ) “Cash and Carry” “Cash and Carry” First peacetime draft (1940) All men 21 to 35 had to register for one year’s military service First peacetime draft (1940) All men 21 to 35 had to register for one year’s military service Lend-Lease Act (1941) Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The US Drifts Toward War British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill ( ) ( ) ( ) British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill ( ) ( ) ( )

The US Drifts Toward War USS Augusta off the coast of Newfoundland USS Augusta off the coast of Newfoundland Atlantic Charter (14 August 1941) Atlantic Charter (14 August 1941)

Some Points of the Charter No aggrandizement, territorial or other Freedom of the seas A new system of general security Right of all peoples to choose their form of government

The US Drifts Toward War Empire of Japan and its Greater East Asian Co- Prosperity Sphere Empire of Japan and its Greater East Asian Co- Prosperity Sphere

The US Drifts Toward War Roosevelt imposed an embargo on exports of strategic resources, such as oil and metal, to Japan (September 1941) Roosevelt imposed an embargo on exports of strategic resources, such as oil and metal, to Japan (September 1941)

Japan Brings the US into the War Pearl Harbor Sunday, 7 December 1941 Pearl Harbor Sunday, 7 December 1941 Battleship Row— USS Arizona and Oklahoma destroyed Battleship Row— USS Arizona and Oklahoma destroyed

2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded

Japanese mistakes: Japanese mistakes: Fixated upon the battleships Fixated upon the battleships

Fuel dumps were not bombed Fuel dumps were not bombed Repair facilities untouched Repair facilities untouched

USS West Virginia and California refloated and repaired USS West Virginia and California refloated and repaired USS Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Nevada repaired USS Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Nevada repaired

No aircraft carriers were present, specifically USS Lexington, Saratoga, and Enterprise No aircraft carriers were present, specifically USS Lexington, Saratoga, and Enterprise

US declared war on the Empire of Japan (8 December 1941) US declared war on the Empire of Japan (8 December 1941) “With confidence in our armed forces—with the unbounding determination of our people—we will gain the inevitable triumph—so help us God.” — FDR “With confidence in our armed forces—with the unbounding determination of our people—we will gain the inevitable triumph—so help us God.” — FDR

Nazi Germany declared war on the US (11 December 1941) Japanese attacked multiple targets: Philippines attacked by air

World War II in the Pacific Guam (10 December) Guam (10 December) Wake Island Wake Island Philippines fell (8 April 1942) Philippines fell (8 April 1942)

World War II in the Pacific General Douglas MacArthur ( ) General Douglas MacArthur ( )

World War II in the Pacific The Doolittle Raid The Doolittle Raid LTC Jimmy Doolittle ( ) LTC Jimmy Doolittle ( )

World War II in the Pacific Why the Doolittle Raid? Why the Doolittle Raid? Psychological for Japan and the US Psychological for Japan and the US Japan protected by the kamikaze (divine wind) Japan protected by the kamikaze (divine wind)

World War II in the Pacific 16 B-25 Bombers brought into striking distance of Japan by the carrier USS Lexington 16 B-25 Bombers brought into striking distance of Japan by the carrier USS Lexington

World War II in the Pacific Naval task force was spotted by a Japanese fishing boat

Doolittle Raid bombed pre- assigned targets in Tokyo- Yokohama, Nagoya, and Osaka-Kobe areas (18 April 1942) Doolittle Raid bombed pre- assigned targets in Tokyo- Yokohama, Nagoya, and Osaka-Kobe areas (18 April 1942)

Doolittle received a hero’s welcome in the US and a promotion to Brigadier General Doolittle received a hero’s welcome in the US and a promotion to Brigadier General

Coral Sea (7-8 May 1942) Coral Sea (7-8 May 1942) Battle was fought by Naval aviators who took off from the decks of aircraft carriers Japanese Carrier HIJMS Shoho after torpedo hit Japanese Carrier HIJMS Shoho after torpedo hit

Helldivers return to the USS Hornet (January 1945)

Midway (4-5 June 1942) Midway (4-5 June 1942)

In addition to Mikuma, Japan lost four carriers, Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu, and Soryu In addition to Mikuma, Japan lost four carriers, Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu, and Soryu Japanese Heavy Cruiser HIJMS Mikuma burns at Midway

Carrier USS Yorktown (lost after the battle ended) Carrier USS Yorktown (lost after the battle ended)

US Strategy in the Pacific General Douglas MacArthur Southwest Pacific

Admiral Chester W. Nimitz ( ) Central Pacific Island hopping

General MacArthur Admiral Nimitz President Roosevelt 1944 Admiral Leahy Roosevelt’s Chief of Staff

Tarawa (20-24 November 1943) Tarawa (20-24 November 1943) Code of Bushido Code of Bushido Saipan (15 June-13 July 1944) Saipan (15 June-13 July 1944)

Leyte Gulf— Japanese introduced kamikaze pilots Leyte Gulf— Japanese introduced kamikaze pilots Battleship USS Missouri under attack

FDR’s failing health was obvious at the Yalta Conference (12 Feb 1945)

Death of Franklin Roosevelt FDR died on 12 April 1945 FDR died on 12 April 1945 Harry S Truman ( ) ( ) Harry S Truman ( ) ( )

The Atomic Bomb Trinity test, the first nuclear explosion (Alamogordo, New Mexico 16 July 1945) Trinity test, the first nuclear explosion (Alamogordo, New Mexico 16 July 1945)

The Atomic Bomb B-29 Super Fortress Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima (6 August) B-29 Super Fortress Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima (6 August)

The Atomic Bomb 60,000 killed 60,000 killed Four-square miles destroyed Four-square miles destroyed

The Atomic Bomb Bock’s Car dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki (9 August) Bock’s Car dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki (9 August)

The Atomic Bomb 70,000 killed 70,000 killed Japan surrendered (15 August) Japan surrendered (15 August)

Japanese Surrender Official surrender aboard the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Harbor (2 September) Official surrender aboard the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Harbor (2 September)