The Good War Western Civilization in the Balance

The Atlantic Charter August Defense of Liberal Internationalism No territorial gains National self-determination Global economic / social welfare “Freedom from want and fear” Postwar disarmament Ideological Conflict

A. Paralyzed democracy Depression Division Isolation Salvador Dali

1. Polarization in France - Depression cancels out reform - anti-Semitism, fascism Lèon Blum

2. British drift - Maintaining Empire - British Union of Fascists Edward VIII

3. U.S. & the New Deal : New Deal Coalition - Leftward expansion - Groundwork for prosperity FDR

4. Totalitarian Europe

B. Appeasement 1. Rhineland ’36 - Hitler’s gamble Heinz Guderian 2. Anschluss ’38 - Greater Germany

3. Munich Agreement ’38 - Sudetenland - “Peace in our time” Neville Chamberlain

II. War for the Enlightenment If we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. - Winston Churchill

A. Early struggles 1. Fall of France Summer Vichy Regime Marshall Pétain Collaborationists

2. Battle of Britain - Churchill May the “Blitz” Fall 1940

Nazi-Occupied Europe

B. U.S. as global power 1. Lend-lease March Atlantic War

2. Revolution in American Civil Society - War for Idealism - global commitment - FDR’s 4 Freedoms - Liberal Internationalism/ mulit-lateralism 3. United Nations Charter - June

C. Domestic liberalism - civil rights - women’s rights - social welfare - Anti-imperialism

III. The New Crusade World War II and the Foundations of the Cold War

“Crusade” against Totalitarian ideologies, not states

A. Stalinization 1. Totalitarianism - mind and body - v. Trotsky

2. Forced industrialization - 5-Year Plans - Collectivization Liquidation of the kulaks

3. Comintern 4. Great Purges, “Gulag Archipelago” Solzhenitsyn

5. Stalin’s foreign policy - Treaty of Rapallo, Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

1. Stalin’s “Animal Farm” - ideology v. humanity - NKVD “Black Ravens” - Socialist dictatorship 2. Left in crisis George Orwell

B. The Devil You Know 1. War in Russia Battle of Stalingrad, 1942 Battle of Kursk, 1943

2. Second Front - D-Day

3. Yalta Conference January 1945

C. The Iron Curtain 1. Winston Churchill 1946

D. Indirect opposition – Truman Doctrine 2. Marshall Plan

3. “Atomic Diplomacy”

IV. Life in the Atomic Age

A Turning point a – Berlin Airlift b – China “lost” c – Russian bomb d – Korean War

B. Idealism to paranoia 1. McCarthyism - HUAC 2. Containment - George F. Kennan - NATO Joseph McCarthy

C. War by Proxy 1. Deterrence / “MAD” Berlin Wall 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis

2. Vietnam - Dien Bien Phu flexible response JFK

3. “Our Son-of-a-Bitch” - Cordell Hull Augusto Pinchet Shah of Iran Fulgencio Batista Chiang Kai-shek

D. Détente and divisions 1. “Monolithic” Communism - Mao Zedong 2. Suez Crisis 1956

3. Test Ban / Proliferation Treaties 4. Nixon in Moscow / China 1972 Cold War as permanent condition

V. End of the Cold War

A. Unrest 1. Unruly East - Hungary “Prague Spring” Poland & Solidarity 1980s - Afghanistan 2. Economic woes - stagnation, not starvation

B. Neo-Conservatism Reagan / Thatcher military strength hostility to “socialist” domestic policies unabashed patriotism

The end of the Cold War is “the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.” The End of History and the Last Man - Francis Fukuyama 1992

C. Fall of the Soviet “Empire” 1. Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost = openness Perestroika = economic / administrative reform – Lifting the Iron Curtain - Hungary elections - “Velvet” Revolution in Czechoslovakia - Fall of the Berlin Wall

4. Power and principle - revolution sacrificed for party discipline - standard of living sacrificed for military preparedness Marxian Revolution never pans out - pragmatism - capitalism

North-South Divide 1. Population / resources

New ideological conflict? - Islamic Nationalism neo-colonialism / Israeli-Palestinian conflict - “Islamists” rejection of “secular” values Gulf (Iraq) Wars